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Exploring new Paradigms for the 21st Century: Placemaking�Presenters: Justin Hollander & Ann Sussman, Christina Lanzl and Rob Tullis �
�Connecticut Convention Center, Hartford CT �
September 24, 2015 �
“The broader one's understanding of the human experience, the better design we will have.”.
- Steve Jobs
“The 21st Century is the ‘Age of Biology’”
“The 20th Century was the ‘Age of Chemistry and Physics’”
“The 19th Century was the “Age of Engineering’” - The OECD
THE PARADIGM SHIFT:
New understandings about human behavior that never before existed!…..
Our sensory systems evolved in the wild and remain designed for that place.
Key TAKE-AWAY: We are Animals!
Human Subconscious Responses To The Built Environment
• Edges • Patterns • Shapes
Our responses to the environment reflect our evolution. Our brain does not evolve as fast as our technology.
They come built-in: !
Hung’s Delicacies, Hong Kong
Edges
Istanbul, Turkey
“People gravitate naturally towards the edge of public spaces. They do not linger out in the open”
- Christopher Alexander, A Pattern Language, 1977
“. . . a big space will be wasted unless there are trees, monuments, seats, fountains - a place where people can protect their backs, as easily as they can around the edge.” - C. Alexander
photo. Ann Sussman
Rose Kennedy Greenway, 2008
THIGMOTAXISFrom the Greek:
thigma - to touch
taxis - arrangement, the direction of movement in response to an outside stimulus
➢ or wall-hugging
Edges
the mouse is thigmotactic
we have a mental ‘GPS’ a lot like a mouse’s… a brain drawn to continuous edges
“. . . is a basic element of spatial cognition and emotionally guided, safety-seeking behavior. . .
- from Janos Kallai, et. al “Cognitive and Affective Aspects of Thigmotaxis
Strategy in Humans”Behavioral Neuroscience, 2007
THIGMOTAXIS...
Significant for: • ‘mental map-making’ • anxiety reduction; • energy conservation; • efficient orientation
Ambulation Man Siena, Italy
“The environment and the person then function as a unit.”
photo: Garry D
Harley
Edward W. Brooke Courthouse Kallmann McKinnell & Wood, 1999
Boston, MARue de Rivoli arcade,
Paris photo: Garry D Harleyphoto: Ann Sussman
photo: Garry D Harley
Piazza del Campo, Siena, 1349
“the way you frame a problem, profoundly influences the results you get…”
“The mind is like an iceberg, it floats with one-seventh of its bulk above water” - Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
the subconscious
“95% of brain activity is beyond our conscious
awareness”
Marc Van Rymenant from Simplifying Interfaces
get a paper + pencil or pen...
photo: Ann Sussman
draw objects in the previous slide...
“... the human brain devotes more area to face recognition than to the recognition of any other visual object...”
- Eric Kandel, The Age of Insight, 2012
Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I, Gustav Klimt1907
““Half of the sensory information going to the brain is visual...”
- Eric Kandel, The Age of Insight, 2012
Pattern Rule #1: Faces right-side up
The brain “reconstructs reality according to its own biological rules” (Kandel, 301)
“figural primitive”
“Template-matching approach”
vs. part-based processing
Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1526-1593)
Patterns
Giuseppe Arcimboldo Reversible Head with Basket of Fruit c. 1590
Germany Stephan K. Chalup,
Patterns
photo: Ann Sussman
“The broader one's understanding of the human experience, the better design we will have.” - Steve Jobs
“The guys at Amazon know exactly which book cover works and which one doesn't, because they know how many people click on which kind of cover. The number one thing that people click on is the human face, and the number two thing is a pet.”
39 Difficult Questions for Stefan Sagmeister, Philadelphia Institute of Contemporary Art
FACE-i-TECTURE
Testing out the Cognitive Architecture Principles
Map by Andrew Wiley and Justin B. Hollander, 2015
Photo by Nina Callahan, 2015
Photo by Nina Callahan, 2015
Using NeuroSky EEG Monitor in the Field
Source: NeuroSky, www.thinkgeek.com/products. Accessed 9/1/15
Photo by Veronica Foster Photo by Veronica Foster
Results
Total
Attenti
on
Meditati
onScore down 63 48 111
neutra 9 14 23
up 38 48 86
Total 110 110 220
EEG Directional Change on All Meditation and Attention Scores
Up Neutra Down totalWest End 27 2 51 80North End 29 12 39 80Control 31 9 20 60
Statistical Tests• Mean score for attention and meditation, West End = -1.5, North
End = 0.63, Control = -.92
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): relationship between the Scores variable and the Location is statistically significant l—that is, it is unlikely to be explained purely by chance.
• Kendall's tau_b and Spearman’s rho tests: the same relationship held up, location and scores correlated at -0.15 (statistically significant).
• West End location could expect to account for 15% negative variation in EEG scores.
Conclusion
• Both the magnitude and direction of effect that the scientific literature would have us expect.
• Further research needed, more elaborate experiment underway with the Center for Applied Cognitive and Brain Science (U.S. Army and Tufts University).
Questions? Comments?
Ann Sussman, AIA, LEED AP www.annsussman.com Twitter: Ann_Sussman Blog: geneticsofdesign.com
Justin Hollander, PhD, AICP www.tufts.edu/~jholla03 Twitter: JustinHollander
Acknowledgements: Research assistance was provided by Veronica Foster, Amoses Holton, Sarah Perlo, Nina Callahan, Caroline Geiling, Annie Levine, Elza Lambergs, Nora Shull, Devin Merullo, and Trey Kirk. Photography provided by Nina Callahan. Map provided by Andrew Wiley.
This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the
speakers is prohibited.
© Ann Sussman, Justin B Hollander, 2015
Copyright materials
SNEAPA Exploring new Paradigms for the 21st Century: Placemaking�
�PLACEMAKING AS A TOOL FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION �
The Binghampton Case Study��
Dr. Christina Lanzl�Urban Culture Institute�
www.urbancultureinstitute.org�[email protected]�
��
Connecticut Convention Center, Hartford CT �Sept. 24, 2015 �
�
Placemaking as a Tool for Social Interaction �The Binghampton Case Study�Approach • Research-‐based, holis0c neighborhood and community
planning that acknowledges the increasing complexity of our society and culture
• Plan for environments with mul0ple modes of transporta0on that are pedestrian and bicycle friendly
• Analyze, recognize and develop successful urban placemaking projects and models
• Develop urban placemaking solu0ons in the form of arts and cultural mapping in the context of the urban fabric
3
4
Binghampton and surrounding neighborhoods, Memphis TN
5
CHALLENGE OPPORTUNITY
TRANSPORTATION Railroads and Sam Cooper Boulevard sever Binghampton neighborhoods from each other, also in terms of ethnicity
TRANSPORTATION Shelby Farms Greenline and Hampline Connector as mul0-‐modal alternate transporta0on
BUILT ENVIRONMENT Decline and displacement due to deteriora0ng condi0ons outside control of residents and businesses
BUILT ENVIRONMENT City effort to introduce vital community infrastructure to set tone for neighborhoods and boost private investment
CULTURAL ASSETS Instability leads to districts without local iden0ty and buy-‐in by local popula0on
CULTURAL ASSETS Public art and placemaking as unifier and connector for community, digging into history, present and future as narra0ves for local iden0ty
William Brewster Elementary School, Shelby County Public Schools
6
7
PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR
City of Memphis Binghampton Development CorporaKon
Mayor’s InnovaKon Delivery Team Broad Avenue Arts District
Lester Community Center
Broad Avenue Business AssociaKon
Memphis City Schools
Caritas Village
Memphis Area Transit Authority/MATA Livable Memphis
Tennessee DOT Loeb ProperKes
ArKsts & CreaKves
Residents & Volunteers
8
Brewster Elementary School Public Art Location: 2605 Sam Cooper Boulevard Funding: Memphis City Schools Year completed: 2006 left: Aspire Artist: Mark Nowell top: Rainforest Rumba Artist: Yvonne Bobo
9
District 5 Public Art Gateway Project Site: Sam Cooper Boulevard and North Hollywood Street
Funding: City of Memphis Public Art Program
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District 5 Public Art Gateway Project Site: Sam Cooper Boulevard and North Hollywood Street
Artist: Greely Myatt Funding: City of Memphis Public Art Program
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District 5 Public Art Gateway Project Partners 1. City of Memphis 2. Urban Art Commission 3. Broad Avenue Arts District 4. Public Art Oversight Committee Project highlights Create a District 5 artistic gateway feature Knit back together the community severed through construction of Sam Cooper Blvd. Permanently ensure public green space along Sam Cooper Boulevard Respond to neighborhood Art Selection Committee desire to create a usable place where the community can gather Community engagement during design review through public exhibition and online comment period
12
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Lester Community Center Mural Site Location: 317 Tillman Street
Funding: City of Memphis Public Art Program
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Lester Community Center Mural Things We See
Location: 317 Tillman Street Artist: Mark and Megan Davey
Funding: City of Memphis Public Art Program Year completed: 2012
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Lester Community Center Basketball Court Mural Location: 317 Tillman Street
Artist: Matthew Hollister Funding: Memphis Grizzlies Foundation
Year completed: 2014
Tillman Street Murals Community-driven murals
Artists: Megan Warner and Erin Harris with local youth Completed: 2013
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Binghampton – Placemaking vision built on the Shelby Farms Greenline, a multi-use bicycle and pedestrian rail trail, and the Hampline connector to existing paths in central Overton Park 17
Two Artist-designed Memphis Area Transit Authority Bus Shelters
18
Partners 1. MATA 2. Broad Ave Arts District 3. City of Memphis Sites 1. Broad Avenue and Hollywood Street 2. Tillman Street at “The Hamp” baseball field Artist Team Carol May + Tim Watkins Funding US DOT grant
19
Two Artist-designed MATA Bus Shelters Artist Team: Carol May + Tim Watkins
Funding: US DOT grant Installation: Fall 2015
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Four Discover Binghampton Artistic Exploration Stations Artist: Pete Beeman Funding: National Endowment for the Arts et al. Installation: TBA Sculptures at terminus of Hampline and at First Baptist Church Broad showcase two narratives unique to Binghampton • Importance of the area’s manufacturing and industrial past in shaping the neighborhood • History of the “P” in the spelling of the neighborhood Interactive experience, allowing visitors to move a rail cart and turn a cube
Broad Avenue Arts District & Water Tower Pavilion Location: Loeb Properties Warehouse at 2542 Broad Avenue
Mural by Guillaume Alby aka REMED, 2011 Funding: Loeb Properties
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Water Tower Pavilion Project Broad Avenue commercial loading dock
weekend stage & iconic water tower public art22
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Water Tower Pavilion –– Fun, Funky, and Unique Funding: ArtPlace America, 2013 The 1945 warehouse loading dock (s0ll ac0ve during weekdays) and its surrounding outdoor space are crea0vely adapted into performance place for the community. Weekly programming from May through October. The Water Tower Pavilion is a space for the community, built by the community. Added features include: • Grand Entrance and Staircase designed by Memphis Landscape Architect Ritchie Smith • Professional quality sound/ligh0ng along with professional dance floor for performances • Transforma0ve facelie bringing life and energy to the space via murals and more • Urban style, movable sea0ng and free public wifi • Plan0ngs -‐ check out the dumpster planter/bench • Marketplace featuring food trucks and vendors complemen0ng the evening’s dance style
Broad Avenue Water Tower Public Art Project MemFeast community forum and vo0ng on finalist art projects
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FemFeast dinner at Forge on Broad Avenue Sunday, April 13, 2014
Finalists: Suikang Zhao & Robert Barnum
Binghampton’s secret to the success of its neighborhood community revitalization is the commitment to truly creating public spaces that serve as participatory outdoor living rooms for people of all backgrounds as well as
• Highly active emerging creative/cultural economy
• Low-rent opportunities
• Participatory, arts and cultural opportunities in new urban public places combined with economic, retail, restaurant opportunities
• Increasing the presence of the pedestrian and bicyclist
• Arts and cultural agenda and initiatives are aligned with public policy, community standards and public health with the outcome of a socially highly regarded, revitalized and more attractive neighborhood.
CONCLUSION
HUMAN-CENTERED PLACEMAKING
SNEAPA CONFERENCE September 24, 2015
Robert Tullis- Project Experience
High Street, Atlanta GA
Bel Mar, Lakeville CO
Regent Square, Houston TX
The Grove, Los Angeles CA
Americana at Brand, Glendale CA
Residential Areas - An Unfair Comparison
Palm City, Florida
The Battery, Charleston, SC
Markets - An Unfair Comparison
Pike Place Market, Seattle PathMark Market, Manhattan
Streets - An Unfair Comparison
Marquette Interchange, Milwaukee Via di Maddalena, Rome
Plazas - An Unfair Comparison
City Hall Plaza, Boston Piazza del Campo, Siena
Space that is not a Place
MAXXI- Museum of Art of the 21st Century, Rome
PLACEMAKING the creation of a legible space within the city fabric
with a distinct IDENTITY, one that has the power through its form and use,
to transform into a memorable entity that’s attractive to people.
FORM IDENTITY
Attractive
Legible
Memorable
USE
Place de Toscane, Val de Europe, France
AIA HOME DESIGN TRENDS SURVEY POPULARITY OF COMMUNITY AND NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERISTICS
Infill Development
Access to Public Trans
Higher Density Devel
Mixed Use Facilities
Multi-Generational Housing
0 50 60 20 40 10 70 30
67
65 64
59
45
58
44
2013
2011 2012
47
65
50 38
45 37
50 51
More Walkable Neighborhoods
63
Percentage reporting popularity increasing minus percentage reporting popularity decreasing
RESEARCH
ABOUT THE NATURE OF PLACE
• Figural Space and Enclosure • Proportion and Size • Movement and Serial Vision • Legibility and Imageability • Memory, Emotion, and Meaning • Human Behavior, Triangulation • The Edge Effect • Walk Circles • Walk rates, Blink rates, and Facade design
Camillo Sitte publishes ‘Der Stadtebau’ in May, 1889
1. Integration of buildings and plazas
2. Open Space in the center (siting of monuments)
3. Enclosure (access points, views, turbine plaza)
4. Proportion of open space
5. Irregularity in shape
6. Harmonious Grouping of spaces
Camillo Sitte Six Principles for Planning Public Squares
VICENZA, PIAZZA dei SIGNORI
VENICE, PIAZZA SAN MARCO
FLORENCE, PIAZZA SAN CROCE
RAVENNA, PIAZZA del DUOMO
PADUA, PIAZZA degli EREMITANI
PADUA, PIAZZA del SANTO
from Path-Portal-Place by Edward T. White
Minimum effective enclosure appears to be about 1:6, while maximum effective enclosure is about 3:1
from Grid / Street / Place, Nathan Cherry with Kurt Nagle
Rockefeller Center, NYC, ratio of 2:1
Santana Row, San Jose CA, ratio of 1:2
Enclosure and Thresholds Ratios of height to width, defined perimeters
SITTE- Largest plazas in ancient cities
GEHL- Typical European rectangular plaza
SIMONEAU- Plazas between mean and average in area
GATJE- Average of all plazas documented
Gordon Cullen- Sequence and Serial Vision Townscape, 1961
Closed Vista Deflection
Narrows
Projection and Recession
Fountain Square of Hippocrates, Rhodes
Paths and Goals from A Pattern Language, Christopher Alexander
Kevin Lynch The Image of the City, 1960
PATHS • CHANNELS ALONG WHICH THE OBSERVER CUSTOMARILY MOVES
NODES • POINTS OF INTENSE ACTIVITY OR A CONCENTRATION OF FEATURES
EDGES • LINEAR BOUNDARIES AND BREAKS IN CONTINUITY
DISTRICTS • AREAS WITH RECOGNIZABLE COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
LANDMARKS • PHYSICAL REFERENCE OBJECTS
Human Perception Kevin Lynch- Five Elements of Imageability
FORM &
SPACE
USE &
ACTIVITY
EMOTION &
MEANING
PLACE
Adapted from diagrams by John Punter (1991) and John Montgomery (1998) from Carmona et al, Public Places - Urban Spaces, 2003
Human Emotion Emotional Relationship to Place, Memory and Meaning
“But as humans we also require support for our spirits, and this is what certain kinds of places provide.
The catalyst that converts any physical location, any environment if you will,
into a place, is the process of experiencing deeply. A place is a piece of the whole environment
that has been claimed by feelings.” - Alan Gussow, A Sense of Place, 1972
“What attracts people most, it would appear, is other people.”
William ‘Holly’ Whyte The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, 1955
Triangulation- An external stimulus provides a linkage between people and prompts strangers to talk as if they know each other.
Jan Gehl Life Between Buildings,1971, Cities for People, 2010
Activity Classification
Public Distance
Life = Number x Length Between Buildings of activities of activities
NUMBER of activities
LENGTH of activities
TYPES of activities
Personal Distance
Walk Circle
The Edge Effect from Cities for People, Jan Gehl
Closed, horizontal facades
Direct contact between exterior and interior
Open, vertical facades
Active Facades from Cities for People, Jan Gehl
Street Design Zoning the Sidewalk and Supporting Activity Paving establishes zones, Bethesda Row, Maryland
S H O P outdoor
APPLICATION
AT REGENT SQUARE, HOUSTON
Regent Square, Houston Masterplan and Aerial View
Regent Square, Houston Streetscape Design
Regent Square, Houston Vertically Stacked Mixed Uses
Regent Square, Houston Street Life and Shopping
Regent Square, Houston Dining and Entertainment
Regent Square, Houston Central Public Space
Regent Square, Houston Central Public Space
WHAT TO DO
“Americans have been living car-centered lives for so long that the collective memory of what used to make a landscape or a townscape or even a suburb humanly rewarding has nearly been erased. The culture of good place-making . . . is a body of knowledge and acquired skills.
It is not bred in the bone, and if it is not transmitted from one generation to the next, it is lost.” excerpt from James Howard Kunstler, The Geography of Nowhere
