Zafar Mehmood

Name of student Zafar Mehmood

Qualification M.Sc.(Hons.)Agriculture

Registration number 09-US-AGR-279

Roll number PAGF13E064

Place of research University College of AgricultureUniversity of Sargodha

Name of supervisor

Muhammad Ehsan Safdar

EVALUATION OF ALLELOPATHIC ACTIVITY OF PARTHENIUM (PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS L.) ON NARROW LEAF WEEDS

INTRODUCTION

Parthenium- an invasive weed

Parthenium hysterophorus L. is known as carrot grass or white top or white head weed or rag grass in English, commonly known as Parthenium weed in Australia and Congress grass in India.

Locally it is known as ‘Chattak Chandani’ and is considered to be an alien invasive weed spreading throughout Pakistan

(Shabbir and Bajwa., 2007)

This weed has been included in the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD., 2010)

Origin and Distribution

Parthenium hysterophorus L. is considered to be of neo-tropical origin that now has a pan-tropicaldistribution

(Navie et al., 1996; Mahadevappa,; 1997)

Neo-tropical zone consists of Central America, South America and Caribbean countries (Barbados, Cuba,Dominica, Grenada, Haiti and Jamaica).

A pan-tropical distribution means distribution across the tropics including tropical regions of all of the majorcontinents, i.e. in Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania (Australia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Fiji Islandetc.).

Figure 1. Origin and distribution of parthenium

Parthenium invasion in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the population of this weed has drastically increased throughout country and damaged variouscrops in Punjab, Khyber Pakhtukhawa and scientists feared that it will possibly strike many parts of Sindh aswell

(Anonymous,; 2011)

According to the population of many common medicinal plants growing in the wastelands of Islamabad israpidly declining due to the aggressive colonization by Parthenium weed. Moreover, L. camara and P.hysterophorus are in transitional phase of competition or succession.

(Shabbir and Bajwa,; 2007)

Plant MorphologyAnnual or short-lived ephemeral (or, under certain conditions, a short-lived perennial) herb of family

Asteraceae, 30-150 cm tall (Adkins et al., 1996).

It has deep tap root and an erect stem that becomes woody with age.

Alternately arranged bisected branched leaves.

Inflorescence consists of numerous small white-coloured flower-heads (capitula) which are 4 mm across andare arranged in clusters at the tips of the branches.

4 to 5 black wedge-shaped 'seeds' (achenes) that are 2 mm long are usually produced in each

flower-head (capitulum).

Figure 2. (a) parthenium at initial rossette stage (b) parthenium near maturity

a b

AllelopathyoAllelopathy, from the Latin words allelon ‘of each other’ and pathos ‘to suffer’, refers to the chemical

inhibition of one species by another.

o The term allelopathy refers to any direct or indirect inhibitory effect by the production, of chemicals bya plant which can influence the growth and development of another plant.

o The source of allelochemicals in agricultural fields may be the weeds, crops or microorganisms.

o It was first reported in alfa-alfa, and the first allelochemical was extracted from walnut.

Allelochemicals in Parthenium

Allelochemicals Secretion

Sesquiterpene lactones (parthenin, coronopilin), phenolics (ferulic, vanillic, caffeic, chlorogenicand anisic acids) are two synergistically acting groups of allelochamicals (Swaminathan et al., 1990;Singh et al., 2002; Batish et al., 2007; Ambiye and Golatkar, 2010).

Other groups of allelochamicals including tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides and steroids havealso been found in aerial parts of parthenium

(Ambiye and Golatkar., 2010)

Moreover, volatiles from leaves and flowers contain high concentration of terpenoids.

Sources of Allelochemicals

Sources

Stem

Leaves & Flowers

Fruits& seeds

Roots & Rhizome

Parthenium hazards to agricultural ecosystems Destruction of integrity and biodiversity of natural ecosystems

Deterioration of pastures

Despaired quality of animal products

Health Risk for humans and animals

Reduction in crop yields

Parthenium growing near water channel at research area of University College of Agriculture, Sargodha, Pakistan

Objectives I will check the Evaluation of Allelopathic and decomposition activity of Partheniumhysterophorus on Narrow leaf weeds of germination and seedling at different concentration.

Weed is a major problem and synthetic herbicide has been used for over 50 year due toevaluation of resistance in the weeds species. Synthetic herbicides are becoming less effective.Now eco toxicologists and allelopathy have been trying to indentify allelochemicals to use as abiodegradable pesticide. Parthenium hysterophorus as many Allelochemicals which can use as abiodegradable pesticides.

Sadiq et al,;(2013)

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Parthenium hystrophorus as it contain several important chemical constituent mainly saponin, triterpene (sesquiterpene), histamine and glucosides can be used for bio control of various herbicides and pathogens.

Kushwaha et al,;(2012)

Parthenium hysterophorus on seed germination raphanus sativus L. the result showed that if increase concentration of Parthenium hysterophorus regularly decrease the germination process of raphanus seed.

Paudel et al,;(2009)

Parthenium hysterophorus plant has many toxins which are lethal to plants, human beings and animals. The major component of toxin is Parthenin and other Vanillic acid, Anisic acid, phenolic acid, sesquiterpene lactones.

Satao et al,;(2014)

Allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Parthenium hysterophorus on seed germination and seedlinggrowth three cultivated crucifers and three cereals crops. Seed germination of cereals complete failure was recordedexcept maize. The leaves aqueous extract had strong inhibitory effect on shoot elongation in crucifers and rootelongation in cereals.

Maharjan et al,;(2007)

Allelopathic effect of Parthenium hysterophorus on seed germination and seedling growth of Eragrostis tef. Aqueousextract of flower, stem, root and leaf of Parthenium hysterophorus and different concentration. Aqueous extract fromstem and root had very less or no effect on seed germination. Increasing concentration of leaf and flower aqueousextract inhibited seed germination and complete failure of seed germination.

Tefera et al,;(2002)

Allopathic effect of Parthenium hysterophorus compost on the lettuce germination and growth. Compost Partheniumhysterophorus reduce emergence 90-95 %age and radicle and plumule length.

Wakjira et al,;(2009)

Material and Method

The experiment will be conducted in the Laboratory of Agronomy University College of Agriculture, Universityof Sargodha.

Experiment will be designed under CRD.

Grow narrow leaf weeds at different ranges of temperature which begins from 150c, 200c ,250c ,300c ,350c.

Twenty seeds will be sown in a petriplate and there will be four petriplate should be used for one range oftemperature.

These petriplates will be kept in germinator for fifteen days and I will observe the readings daily to check theno. of seeds to germinate in each petriplates.

The experiment will be comprised of two parts:

A- Evaluation of different concentrations of aqueous extracts of whole plant of Partheniumhysterophorus L.

B- Evaluation of decomposed soil of different concentrations of Parthenium hysterophorus L. kept atroom temperature for a specific decomposition period.

Fully grown, mature plants of Parthenium hysterophorus L. will be uprooted along with roots fromfield area of University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha and will be kept at roomtemperature for drying. Dried plants will then be chopped into very small pieces of 1 cm.

ATo prepare aqueous extract the dried plant material will be dipped in distilled water in the ratio of 1:20 w/v (on dry weight basis) for a period of 24 hours at room temperature.

Aqueous extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L. will be obtained by filtering the mixture through 10 and 60 mesh sieves.

The extract will then be diluted to make concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%.

Pure distilled water will be used as control.

Cont.…So the aqueous extract will comprise six treatments.

T1 = Control (simple distilled water)

T2 = 1% (w/v)

T3 = 2% (w/v)

T4 = 3% (w/v)

T5 = 4% (w/v)

T6 = 5% (w/v)

B-To evaluate decomposition activity of Parthenium hysterophorus L., dried plant material will be mixed in soil in four different concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% (w/w) and will be allowed to decompose for a period of 30 days at room temperature.

After the decomposition period, seeds of Narrow leaf weeds will be sown in this soil

Cont.…So there will be four treatments of this part of the experiment.

T1 = 0% (w/w) Control (simple soil without plant material)

T2 = 2% (w/w)

T3 = 4% (w/w)

T4 = 6% (w/w)

ObservationsData regarding following parameters will be recorded throughout the study by using standard procedures.

A- Germination Percentage

B- Germination Index

Conclusion We can control weeds in the cropping system by allelochamicals of Parthenium weed I would like to help with controlling the weed. This is an issue which affects the whole world, not just for Pakistan.

There is need to restrict its further spread and manage it in a planned way with minimum harm to our environment.

ReferencesKhan, M. R., Memon, A., Khan, G. N., Shabbir, M., Saeed, N., Shah, N. A., . . . Rashid, U. (2013). Protective effects of Digera muricata (L.) Mart. against carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress in thyroid of rat. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(76), 17564-17570.

Klein, R., & Miller, D. (1980). Allelopathy and its role in agriculture. Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis, 11(1), 43-56.

Marwat, K. B., Hashim, S., & Ali, H. (2010). Weed management: a case study from north-west Pakistan.

Pak. J. Bot, 42, 341-353. Qureshi, R., & Bhatti, G. (2009). Folklore uses of Amaranthaceae family from Nara desert, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot, 41(4), 1565-1572.

!!!..THANK YOU…!!!

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