Upload
nilendra-kumar
View
266
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
The
Citation preview
INDIAN ARMED FORCES
PERSPECTIVE IN THE BACKGROUND OF
LOW INTENSITY CONFLICTS IN THE FORM OF COUNTER
INSURGENCY, COUNTER TERRORISM, AND PEACE KEEPING
OPERATIONS
PRESENTATIONBY
MAJ. GEN. NILENDRA KUMAR
LEGITIMACY,
LEGAL
DEVELOPMENT
AND
CHARTER
PANEL ON RULE OF LAW CIVIL AFFAIRS
DOCTRINE &
STABILITY OPERATIONS
INDIA
A COUNTRY OF CONTINENTAL SIZE WITH
LAND BORDERS SHARED WITH CHINA, PAKISTAN,
BANGLADESH, NEPAL, BHUTAN, 1197 ISLAND
AND COAST LINE OF 7516 KMS WITH A VAST
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE
INDIAN SCENARIOSIGNIFICANT FEATURES
LARGEST FUNCTIONAL DEMOCRACY
MULTI LINGUAL, MULTI RELIGIOUS & MULTI ETHNIC
SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION
INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY
UNMATCHED CONTRIBUTION TO THE JURISPRUDENCE ON
THE RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUALS
STABLE & EFFECTIVE GOVERNMENT
VIGILANT MEDIA
SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
1. TWO UNSETTLED BORDERS
2. EXPERIENCED FOUR MAJOR CONVENTIONAL BORDERS WARS
3. ONE UNDECLARED WAR IN KARGIL (1999)
4. ENGAGED IN AN EXTERNALLY ABETTED PROXY WAR FOR SEVERAL YEARS IN J&K
5. COMBATING TERRORISM PERPETUATED BY MILITANT AND TERRORIST GROUPS SPONSORED BY A FOREIGN STATE.
6. TACKLING A NUMBER OF INSURGENCIES, SPURRED BY TRIBAL AND ETHNIC ASPIRATIONS AND LEFT WING IDEOLOGIES.
7. HAS A NUMBER OF NUCLEAR WEAPON STATES IN ITS
NEIGHBOURHOOD
TRANSITION
MILITANCY
INSURGENCY
TERRORISM
RELEVANT DATA : J&KYEAR TERRORISTS
KILLED IN ACTION
TERRORISTS APPREHENDED
CIVS FATAL
CIVS INJURED
WPNS RECOVERED
AMNRECOVERED
GRENADES RECOVERED
EXPLOSIVES RECOVERED (IN KGS)
2000 1432 274 630 817 1872 3,15,958 8773 3372
2001 1890 662 806 1536 2176 1,86,889 10252 2386
2002 1526 466 852 1406 2083 2,31,841 9171 1980
2003 1397 313 644 1246 1971 2,29,220 9554 2613
2004 885 224 595 1202 1417 1,67,059 7327 1996
2005 876 240 486 924 1546 2,31,241 7369 5238
2006 560 426 368 877 1325 1,47,045 7705 3199
TOTAL 8566 2605 4381 8008 12,444 15,09,253 60,151 20,784
RIO 2000 – 2006 : NE STATES
YEAR TK TA TS CIV K CIV W WPN REC
2000 438 2937 1806 NA NA 1316
2001 455 3115 626 602 NA 1300
2002 410 1565 306 459 NA 905
2003 450 1655 3189 494 NA 1520
2004 332 1735 1174 388 573 1003
2005 197 1169 462 393 263 966
2006 174 1023 1385 196 452 861
OVERRIDING INFLUENCES
• CHANGING CONCEPT OF WARFARE
• STRATEGIC & ECONOMIC
CONSIDERATIONS• CONSTITUTIONAL FRAME WORK • ACTIVE JUDICIARY• FUNCTIONAL NHRC• LAWS OF ARMED CONFLICT
MAJOR FACTORS
COALITION POLITICS MIX UP OF RELIGION WITH POLITICS OVER LAPPING JURISDICTIONS CRIMINALISATION OF POLITICS CHALLENGES TO AF(SP) ACT VIGIL AGAINST HR VIOLATIONS COMPENSATORY JUSTICE MULTIPLICITY OF SECURITY AND INT AGENCIES
CONVENTIONAL
COUNTER TERRORISM
PKO
DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND AID TO
CIVIL AUTHORITIES
NATURE OF OPERATIONS
COUNTER INSURGENCY
CODE OF THE WARRIOR“I AM A WARRIOR. DEFENDING MY NATION IS
MY DHARMA. I WILL TRAIN MY MIND, BODY AND SPIRIT TO FIGHT. EXCEL IN ALL DEVICES AND WEAPONS OF WAR, PRESENT AND FUTURE. ALWAYS PROTECT THE WEAK. BE TRUTHFUL AND FORTHRIGHT. BE HUMANE, CULTURED AND COMPASSIONATE”
FIGHT AND EMBRACE THE CONSEQUENCES WILLINGLY
GOD, GIVE ME STRENGTH THAT I ASK NOTHING OF YOU”.
THE BHAGAWAD GITA
DOCTRINE IS INDISPENSABLE
TO AN ARMY. DOCTRINE PROVIDES
A MILITARY ORGANISATION WITH A
COMMON PHILOSOPHY, A COMMON
LANGUAGE, A COMMON PURPOSE,
AND A UNITY OF EFFORT.
General George H Decker, 1960
ROLE OF INDIAN ARMY
PRIMARY PRESERVE NATIONAL INTEREST AND SAFE GUARD SOVEREIGNTY, TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY AND UNITY AGAINST ANY EXTERNAL THREATS BY DETERRENCE OR BY WAGING WAR
SECONDARY ASSIST GOVERNMENT AGENCIES TO COPE WITH `PROXY’ WAR AND OTHER INTERNAL THREATS AND PROVIDE AID TO CIVIL AUTHORITY WHEN REQUISITIONED FOR THE PURPOSE
MAJOR TASKS OF INDIAN ARMY INCLUDES –
PROVISION OF AID TO CIVIL AUTHORITY WHEN CALLED UPON TO DO SO FOR MAINTENANCE OF LAW AND ORDER, HUMANITARIAN AID AND ASSISTANCE DURING DISASTERS AND CALAMITIES OR ANY OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES INCLUDING MAINTENANCE OF ESSENTIAL SERVICES
STRATEGIC FRAME WORK
1. POLITICAL OBJECTIVE:- CONFLICT MANAGEMENT RATHER THAN CONFLICT RESOLUTION.
2. AIM AT LOW PROFILE AND PEOPLE FRIENDLY OPERATIONS.
3. INTRA – FORCE AS WELL AS INTER AGENCY EFFORTS
4. SEEK VOLUNTARY AND WILLING SUPPORT OF PEOPLE IN AFFECTED AREAS. (WHAM)
IRON FIST WITH VELVET GLOVE
CODE OF CONDUCT
1. AVOIDANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES.
2. BE COMPASSIONATE. (WHAM)3. PEOPLE FRIENDLY OPERATIONS. ENSURE LEAST
POSSIBLE INCONVENIENCE AND HARASSMENTS 4. USE OF MINIMUM FORCE. AVOID COLLATERAL
DAMAGE.5. CO-OPT POLICE REPRESENTATIVE/WOMEN POLICE6. BE TRUTHFUL AND HONEST7. SUSTAIN PHYSICAL AND MORAL STRENGTH.
THREE PRONGED APPROACH
SURGICAL COUNTER TERRORIST OPERATIONS WITH MINIMALCASUALTIES
WHAMPERCEPTION
MANAGEMENT
SPECIAL FORCES
1. HOSTAGE RESCUE2. ANTI TERRORIST
OPERATIONS3. ASSISTANCE TO FOREIGN
FRIENDLY GOVTS.
TERRITORIAL ARMY
7X HOME & HEARTH BATTALIONS 1200 X
PERS EACH
ROLE
1. INTERFACE BETWEEN THE ARMY AND
THE PEOPLE.
2. ANTI-TERRORISM.
THEME
JAWAN AUR AWAAM,AMAN HAI MUQAAM.
(WHETHER IT IS A SOLDIER OR CIVILIAN THE END STATE FOR BOTH IS PEACE)
ARMY AS A CATALYST FOR PEACE &
DEVELOPMENT
OP SADBHAVANA
MEANINGFUL PROGRAMME TO INVOLVE LOCALS
MOBILE MEDICAL
TEAMS
MUSKAN ORPHANAGES
FACILITATING HAJPILGRIMS
OPJI JANABUJALA RAHAT
CIVIL AFFAIRS1. MOVEMENTS OF REFUGEES2. MINIMIZING DAMAGE TO CIVIL
INFRASTRUCTURE.3. LEGAL AND MORAL OBLIGATIONS TO
MINIMIZE CIVILIAN CASUALTIES.4. TO EXERCISE AUTHORITY AT THE END OF
OPERATIONS.5. TO HANDLE TASKS RELATING TO
CONTROL OF CIVIL POPULATION & MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES.
6. TO ENSURE STABILITY IN CAPTURED TERRITORY.
PERCEPTION MANAGEMENT
1. MAKE THE LOCALS PROUD OF THEIR HERITAGE
2. REMIND THEM ABOUT WHO WORKED FOR CAUSE OF PEACE.
3. THE PHRASE ‘VIOLENT VALLEY” REPLACED WITH “VIBRANT VALLEY”
INFORMATION WARFARE
1. TRANSPARENCY2. MUTUAL TRUST &
UNDERSTANDING3. LEVELS
(a) LOCAL/TACTICAL(b) NATIONAL(c) INTERNATIONAL
REDUCE THE SCOPE
DISTORTION
MAINPULATION
DISINFORMATION
TRUTH IS NOT A VIRTUE BUT A NECESSITY
PUBLIC RELATIONS
1. AIM OF RESPECTING AND PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS.
2. CANDID AND PROMPT ADMISSION OF PROVOKED
(a) EXCESSES BY THE TROOPS OROTHER WISE
(b) ERRORS OF JUDGEMENT OF COMMANDERS.
3. SWIFT CORRECTIVE ACTION IN A FREE AND FAIR MANNER.
APPROACH
1. PRO INTERACTS DAILY.2. GOC ONCE A MONTH.3. IW BDE.4. www.armyinkashmir.org
IN THE ABSENCE OF A GLOBAL
FRAME WORK, DOMESTIC
LEGISLATION REMAINS THE ONLY
LEGAL REMEDY AGAINST
TERRORISM.
LEGISLATIVE STEPS TO COMBAT TERRORISM
ARMED FORCES (SPECIAL POWERS) ACT, 1958
UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES PREVENTION ACT, 1967 (AS
AMENDED IN 2004)
MAHARASHTRA CONTROL OF ORGANISED CRIME
ACT, 1999
NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC
SUBSTANCES ACT, 1985
AF (SP) ACT, 1958
PREAMBLE
To confer certain special powers upon members of the Armed Forces in disturbed areas.
EXTENT
STATES OF
1. ARUNACHAL PRADESH
2. ASSAM
3. MANIPUR
4. MEGHALAYA
5. MIZORAM
6. NAGALAND
7. TRIPURA
APPLICABLE TO A DISTURBED AREA
PRE CONDITIONNOTIFICATION UNDER SECTION 3.
SPECIAL POWERS (STATUTORY)
1. TO USE FORCE EVEN TO THE EXTENT OF CAUSING OF DEATH.
2. TO DESTROY ANY ARMS DUMP ETC3. TO ARREST WITHOUT WARRANT4. TO SEARCH WITHOUT WARRANT
IMPLIED5. TO INTERROGATE6. TO RETAIN CUSTODY OF SEIZED WEAPONS
PROTECTION
PRIOR SANCTION OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BEFORE INSTITUTING ANY PROSECUTION, SUIT OR OTHER LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
NAGA PEOPLE’S MOVEMENTOF
HUMAN RIGHTSVS
UNION OF INDIA(AIR 1998 SC 431)
SCRUTINY BY THE SUPREME COURT
1. ACT NOT A COLOURABLE LEGISLATION.
2. NOT A FRAUD ON THE CONSTITUTION.
3. DOES NOT AMOUNT TO HANDING OVER THE
MAINT OF PUBLIC ORDER TO THE ARMED
FORCES DIRECTLY.
4. CONFERMENT OF DRASTIC POWERS
ENUMERATED UNDER SEC 4 IS NOT
DISCRIMINATORY OR ARBITRARY.
CHECKS/SAFE GUARDS INTRODUCED BY THE SUPREME COURT
1. PERIODIC REVIEW OF DECLARATION BEFORE EXPIRY OF
SIX MONTHS
2. DESIRABLE FOR CENTRAL GOVT TO CONSULT STATE GOVT
3. ARMED FORCE NOT TO SUPPLANT OR ACT AS SUBSTITUTE
FOR THE CIVIL POWER. STATE ADM WILL CONTINUE TO
FUNCTION
4. ARMED FORCES PERS TO USE MINIMUM FORCE
5. HAND OVER ARRESTED PERSON WITHIN 24
HRS TO NEAREST POLICE STATION
6. PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS UNDER Cr PC
FOR SEARCH AND SEIZURE TO BE FOLLOWED
7. DISREGARD TO DO’S AND DON’TS TO INVITE
ACTION UNDER THE ARMY ACT
8. CO-OPT WOMEN POLICE
9. AWARD OF COMPENSATION
10. SPEAKING ORDER UNDER SEC 6
COMPARTMENTALISATION OF ROLE
MILITARY SEARCH SEIZURE COGNIZANCE OF
OFFENCES DESTRUCTION OF
DUMPS, SHELTERS, TRG CAMPS AND HIDE OUTS
POLICE INVESTIGATION PROSECUTION REGISTRATION OF REPORTS
OF OFFENCES (RECORDING OF FIR)
TRIAL EXECUTION OF SENTENCES,
WHERE REQUIRED
RULE OF LAWPOSITIVE FEATURES
EMPHASIS FOR THE MILITARY DECISIONS TO
CONFORM TO RULE OF LAW FAITH OF THOSE AFFECTED BY THE DECISIONS TO MOVE THE SUPREME COURT AS A FINAL ARBITRATOR
SCOPE OF STATUTORY PROVISIONS EXPANDED
ENHANCED NUMBER OF CASES IS SUGGESTIVE OF
GREATER ASPIRATIONS TO SEEK FINAL DECISION ON RULE
OF LAW
THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 1993
IT PROVIDES FOR THE CONSTITUTION OF
NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
(NHRC)
THE STATES HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION IN
THE STATES (SHRC).
THE HUMAN RIGHTS COURTS (HRC).
HUMAN RIGHTS ORG IN THE ARMY
ARMY HQ HUMAN RIGHTS CELL (HRC)/ADG D&V
MONITORS HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES IN THE ARMY.
ENSURE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS ARE PROMPTLY INVESTIGATED AND THE GUILTY PUNISHED
DEALING WITH HUMAN RIGHTS ALLEGATIONS AGAINST THE ARMY
1.HUMAN RIGHTS CELL ACTS AS NODAL AGENCY FOR RECEIVING THE ALLEGATIONS/COMPLAINTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS.
2.ALLEGATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION ARE RECEIVED BY THE HRC FROM – (a) NHRC(b) MOD AND MEA(c) MEDIA(d) REPORTS PUBLISHED BY VARIOUS HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS.
3.ALLEGATIONS ARE INVESTIGATED IN
DETAIL, PROCESSED AND FORWARDED TO
NHRC THROUGH MOD
4.EXEMPLARY PUNISHMENT TO ERRING
PERSONNEL
MONETARY COMPENSATION CANNOT UNDO THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL TRAUMA OF VIOLENCE CAUSING BODILY HARM. BUT NEVERTHELESS, PECUNIARY AMENDS MAY PARTIALLY TAKE FORM OF APPEARING AS A SOLACE AND
REHABILITATION EFFORT
IT IS BOUNDEN DUTY OF THE STATE TO REPAIR THE DAMAGE DONE BY ITS OFFICERS TO THE INDIVIDUAL’S RIGHTS
COMPENSATION BY WAY OF PUBLIC CLAIM
DISAPPEARANCE OF DETENU
CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE
CUSTODIAL DEATH
CASE STUDIES
(a) MANORAMA DEVI
(b) MAJ RAHMAN
HR VIOLATION
YEAR NUMBER OF ALLEGATIONS
2002 - 166
2003 - 32
2004 - 35
2005 - 35
2006 - 29
ANALYSIS OF PUNISHMENTS 1994 TO 2006
TYPE OFFRS JCOs OR TOTAL
TERMINATION OF SERVICE 01 - 02 03
DISMISSAL WITH LIFE IMPRISONMENT - - 01 01
CASHIERED/DISMISSAL WITH RI 8-14 YRS
- - 24 24
CASHIERED/DISMISSAL WITH RI 1-8 YRS
03 - 09 12
DISMISSAL WITH RI UPTO 1 YR - - 06 06
DISMISSAL FROM SERVICE 01 - 04 05
RI IN MILITARY CUSTODY - 01 15 16
OTHER PUNISHMENTS 25 08 10 43
TOTAL PERS PUNISHED 30 09 71 110
ALLEGATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS FROM 1994 TO 2006
ITEMS J & K NE TOTAL
NUMBER OF ALLEGATIONS RECD 907 363 1270
NUMBERS INVESTIGATED 873 341 1214
NUMBERS UNDER INVESTIGATION 34 22 56
NUMBER OF FALSE/BASELESS ALLEGATIONS
849 313 1162
NUMBERS FOUND TRUE 24 28 52
PERSONNEL PUNISHED 47 63 110
NUMBER OF CASES AWARDED COMPENSATION
06 11 17
GOOD LAWS ARE BEGOT BY BAD ACTIONS.
Macrobius
Saturnalia, C.400
THE RIGHTS TO INFORMATION ACT 2005 (22 OF 2005)
AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR SETTING OUT THE PRACTICAL REGIME OF RIGHT TO INFORMATION FOR CITIZENS TO SECURE INFORMATION UNDER THE CONTROL OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, IN ORDER TO PROMOTE TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE WORKING OF EVERY PUBLIC AUTHORITY.
INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION
SIGNATORY TO ALL TWELVE SECTORAL CONVENTIONS ON TERRORISM
BILATERAL AGREEMENTS TO COMBAT TERRORISM, ORGANISED CRIMES, DRUGS ETC
EXTRADITION TREATIES TREATIES ON MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE
IN CRIMINAL MATTERS
INDIAN ARMY’S PARTICIPATION IN PEACE KEEPING
MORE THAN 50 YEARS
COVERING 36 MISSIONS
65,000 SOLDIERS
AS OF JULY 2000 – SECOND LARGEST TCC
IT MUST BE REMEMBERED THAT MERELY BECAUSE POWER MAY SOMETIMES BE ABUSED, IT IS NO GROUND FOR DENYING, THE EXISTENCE OF POWER. THE WISDOM OF MAN HAS NOT YET BEEN ABLE TO CONCEIVE OF A GOVERNMENT WITH POWER SUFFICIENT TO ANSWER ALL ITS LEGITIMATE NEEDS AND AT THE SAME TIME INCAPABLE OF MISCHIEF.
Supreme Court Of India in State of Rajasthan Vs UOI, 1978 (1) SLR (1)
WAY AHEAD
LAW ENFORCERS DESERVE MORE EFFECTIVE LEGAL TOOLS AND BETTER LEGAL COVER
PLUGGING OF GAPS IN DOMESTIC PROCEDURES TO RETAIN A PRO-ACTIVE STANCE IN THE WAR AGAINST TERRORISM.
SHARING OF INFO ABOUT NEW LEGISLATIVE MEANS AND LATEST CASE LAW.
TO BE EFFECTIVE, A LIBERAL
STATE MUST NOT FOSTER
VIOLENCE, IT MUST CONQUER
IT.
CONCLUSIONThere are no dangerous thoughts;
thinking itself is dangerous.Hannah Arendt