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it will discuss the meaning and nature of intelligence plus the theories about intel
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PsychologyTopics to be discuss:
• Meaning and Nature of Intelligence
• Theories of Intelligence
INTELLIGENCE
MEANING AND NATURE OF
INTELLIGENCE
FOR YOU, WHAT
IS
INTELLIGENCE?
INTELLIGENCEThe capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use
resources effectively when faced with challenges.
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (1905) – ability to judge well, understand well/ and to reason well.
David Wechsler – “the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the
environment”.
Howard Gardner – “the ability or skill to solve problems or to fashion products which are valued within one or more cultural settings”.
Engel – intelligence as the ability of an organism to adapt to its environment.
It consist of mental abilities valuable in almost any type of learning and thinking.
Stagner – refers to intelligence as learning ability, and the ability to see learning in new situations.
Terman – says that intelligence is a general capacity of an individual to adjust his thinking to new requirements; it is a general mental adaptation to
new problems. It is ability to learn in terms of abstract ideas.
Thustone – says intelligence is both general ability and a number of specific abilities.
1. Ability to deal with abstract symbols, concept and relationship.2. Learning or the ability to profit from experience.3. Ability to adapt to new situations or problem situations.
A.I. Gates – refers to intelligence as a composite or organization of abilities to learn, to grasp broad and subtle facts, especially abstract facts, with alertness and accuracy, to exercise mental control, and to display flexibility and ingenuity in seeking the solution of problems.
Colvin – possesses intelligence in so far as he has learned or to learn to adjust himself to his environment.
NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence is an aggregate of relatively independent attitudes as:
a. Verbal comprehension
b. Word fluencyc. Skills in numerical computationd. Perceptual speed and accuracye. Associative memoryf. Spatial visualizationg. Mechanical engineering
THEORIES OF
INTELLIGENCE
There are different theories about intelligence,
none of which agree with each other.Every approach to thinking comes up
with it’s own different perspective and
assumptions, Often contradicting at least one earlier
theory.
THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
Faculty Theory
According to thistheory, mind is made up of
different facultieslike reasoning, memory,
discrimination,imagination, etc.
FACULTY THEORY
Spearman’s
Two FactorTheory
Charles Spearman
Charles Spearman, who proposed that intellectual
abilities were comprised of two factors : onegeneral ability or common ability known as
‘G’factor and the other a group of specific
abilities
known as ‘S’ factor.
Spearman’s Two Factor Theory
The idea that general intelligence (g) exists comes from the work of
Charles Spearman (18631945) who helped develop the
factor analysis approach instatistics.
The G FactorSpearman’s Two Factor Theory
Spearman’s Two Factor Theory
‘G’ factor is universalinborn ability. Greater ‘G’ in an
individual leadsto greater success in life.
The G Factor
Spearman’s Two Factor Theory
‘S’ factor is acquiredfrom the environment. It varies
from activity toactivity in the same individual.
The S Factor
GeneralIntelligence
L. L . Thurstone
General IntelligenceL. L. Thurstone, a critic of Spearman,
analyzed his subjects NOT on a single scale of general intelligence, but on seven
clusters of primary mental abilities, including:
Word Fluency, Verbal Comprehension, Spatial Ability, Perceptual Speed,
Numerical Ability, Inductive Reasoning, Memory.
Theory of Multiple
Intelligence
Howard Gardner
THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
Howard Gardner’s theory that proposes that there are EIGHT
distinct spheres of intelligence and speculates about the NINTH ONE –
existential intelligence.
Existential intelligence is the ability to
think about the question of life, death and existence.
THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
Visual/Spatial Involves visual perception of the environment, the ability to create and manipulate mental images, and the orientation of the body in space.
1THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
Pablo Picasso, artist
PABLO PICASSOBorn: 25 October 1881
Málaga, SpainDied: 8 April 1973 (aged 91)
Mougins, France
Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo
Picasso, was a Spanish painter, sculptor,
printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who
spent most of his adult life in France.
Verbal/LinguisticInvolves reading, writing, speaking, and conversing in one's own or foreign languages.
THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
2T.S. Elliot, poet
THOMAS STREANS ELIOTBorn : 26 September 1888
St. Louis, Missouri, United StatesDied: 4 January 1965 (aged 76)Kensington, London, England
Thomas Stearns Eliot OM was an essayist,
publisher, playwright, literary and social critic
and "one of the twentieth century's
major poets." He was born in St. Louis, Missouri to an old
Yankee family.
Logical/MathematicalInvolves number and computing skills, recognizing patterns and relationships, timeliness and order, and the ability to solve different kinds of problems
through logic.
THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
3Albert Einstein, scientist
ALBERT EINSTEINBorn: 14 March 1879
Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died: 18 April 1955 (aged 76)Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Albert Einstein was a German-born
theoretical physicist and philosopher of
science. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern
physics.
Bodily/KinestheticInvolves physical coordination and dexterity, using fine and gross motor skills, and expressing oneself or learning through physical activities.
THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
4Martha Graham, dancer
MARTHA GRAHAMBorn: May 11, 1894
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.Died: April 1, 1991 (aged 96)
New York City, U.S.
Martha Graham was an American modern dancer and choreographer whose
influence on dance has been compared with the influence Picasso had on the modern visual arts,
Stravinsky had on music, or Frank Lloyd Wright had
on architecture.
MusicalInvolves understanding and expressing oneself through music and rhythmic movements or dance, or composing, playing, or conducting music.
THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
5Igor Stravinsky, composer
IGOR STRAVINSKYBorn: June 17, 1882, Lomonosov
, RussiaDied: April 6, 1971,
New York City, New York, United States
Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky was a
Russian composer, pianist and conductor.
He is widely considered to be one of the most
important and influential composers of
the 20th century.
InterpersonalInvolves understanding how to communicate with and understand other people and how to work collaboratively.
THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
6Mahatma Gandhi, leader
MOHANDAS GANDHIBorn: October 2, 1869,
Porbandar, IndiaAssassinated: January 30,
1948, New Delhi, India
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the preeminent
leader of Indian independence movement in
British-ruled India.
IntrapersonalInvolves understanding one's inner world of emotions and thoughts, and growing in the ability to control them and work with them consciously.
THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
7Sigmund Freud, psychiatrist
SIGMUND FREUDBorn: May 6, 1856, Příbor
, Czech RepublicDied: September 23, 1939,
London, United Kingdom
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian
neurologist who became known as
the founding father of psychoanalysis.
NaturalistInvolves understanding the natural world of plants and
animals, noticing their characteristics, and categorizing them.
THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
8Charles Darwin, naturalist
CHARLES DARWINBorn: February 12, 1809,
The Mount, Shrewsbury, United Kingdom
Died: April 19, 1882, Down House, Downe
, United Kingdom
Charles Robert Darwin, FRS was an English naturalist
and geologist, best known for his
contributions to evolutionary theory.
Savant Syndrome
SAVANT SYNDROMESome individuals diagnosed with autism or mental retardation, is
characterized by exceptional talent in one area of functioning, such as
music or math, and poor mental functioning in all other areas.
Triarchic Theory
Robert Sternberg
TRIARCHIC THEORYPsychologist
Robert Sternberg (1985) has constructed a three—pronged, or
triarchic theory ofIntelligence; Sternberg
also agrees with Gardner,but suggests three intelligences
rather than eight.
Analytical Intelligence Intelligence that is assessed
byintelligence tests.
TRIACHIC THEORHY
1
Creative IntelligenceIntelligence that makes us
adapt tonovel situations, generating
novel ideas.
TRIACHIC THEORHY
2
Practical IntelligenceIntelligence that is required
foreveryday tasks (e.g. street
smarts).
TRIACHIC THEORHY
3
Emotional Intelligence
Peter Salovey
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCEThe set of skills that underline the accurate assessment, evaluation,
expression and regulation of emotions.
The test of emotional intelligence measures overallemotional intelligence and its
four components.
Emotional Intelligence: Components
Component Description
Perceive Emotion Recognize emotions in faces, music and stories.
Understand Emotion Predict emotions, how they change
and blend.
Manage Emotion Express emotions in different situations.
Use Emotion Utilize emotions to adapt or be
creative.
Cattell’sFluid and
Crystallized Intelligence
Raymond Cattell
FLUID INTELLIGENCEIntelligence that reflects information
- processing capabilities, reasoning and memory.
CATTELL’S FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCEThe accumulation of
information, skills and strategies that are learned through
experience and can be applied in problem solving situations.
CATTELL’S FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
One factor & UNI Factor
Theory
It reducesall abilities to a single capacity of
generalintelligence or ‘common sense’.
Miano, Jay-Vee M.Psychology-Meaning and Theories of Intelligence
Feldman. Psychology and Your Life. Mc Graw Hill Companies. 2010.
http://psychology.about.com
SPECIAL THANKS TO:
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THANK YOU FOR USING THIS AS A
REFERENCE
