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Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Champions know there are no shortcuts to the top. They climb the
mountain one step at a time.
-JUDI ADLER
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
WHY READ THESE UNITS?
Because they will enable you to organize your speech by helping you to:Organize your ideas so that your audience can
follow, understand, and remember what you saySelect an organizing pattern that best fits the
topic, purpose, thesis, and audience Construct effective introductions, conclusions,
and transitionsDevelop outlines that will help in rehearsing and
delivering your speech
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Organizing the speech helps:
Guide the speech preparation processThe audience to understand the speechThe audience to remember the speechEstablish speaker credibility
The Benefits of Organization
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1. Select the Main Points2. Limit the Number of Main Points
2-4 main points are sufficient1. Focus on the Audience2. Word the Main Points
Develop the main points so they are separate and discrete
Phrase the main points in parallel style
Develop Your Main Points
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Topical PatternUse when the topic conveniently divides
itself into clear subdivisions approximately equal in importance
Temporal PatternUse for speeches organized chronologically
into two, three, or four major partsSpatial Pattern
Use when describing objects or places
Organize Your Main Points
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Problem–Solution PatternUseful in persuasive speeches to convince
the audience that a problem exists and that your solution would solve or lessen the problem
Cause–Effect PatternUseful in speeches to show the audience
the causal connection existing between two events or elements
Organize Your Main Points cont…
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The Motivated SequenceOverview
Developed by Alan MonroeStep 1: Gain AttentionStep 2: Establish the NeedStep 3: Satisfy the NeedStep 4: Visualize the Need
SatisfiedStep 5: Ask for Action
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Get the audience to focus on you and your message
Demonstrate enthusiasmInvolve the audience directly
Step 1: Gain Attention
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State the problem or needLack of informationChange an attitude or behavior
Show why this is really a problem Audience must understand that the
problem affects them directly Show how this need affects those
values that motivate the audience’s behavior
Step 2: Establish the Need
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Show how your plan will satisfy the audience’s need or solve its problem
Show why your solution will work
Step 3: Satisfy the Need
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Demonstrate the benefits listeners will receive if your ideas are put into operation
Demonstrate the negative effects that will occur if your plan is not put into operation
Demonstrate the combined positive and negative effects of accepting or rejecting your ideas
Step 4: Visualize the Need Satisfied
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Tell the audience exactly what to doRemind listeners of the connections
established throughout the speechStress specific advantages
Step 5: Ask for Action
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How many main points are sufficient for most classroom speeches?
Quick Quiz
A. 1-3
B. 2-4
C. 3-5
D. 4-6
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
High-context culturesMuch of the information in communication
is in the context or in the person rather than in the actual spoken message.Examples: Arab, Japanese, Latin American
Low-context culturesMost information is explicitly stated in the
verbal message. Examples: German, Swedish, North
American
Cultural Considerations
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The Introduction,Conclusion, and Transitions
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The introduction gives listeners their first impression of the speaker and the speech, and sets the tone for the rest of the speech.
Functions of the introduction:Gain audience attentionEstablish a speaker–audience–topic relationshipOrient the audience by previewing the main points
The Introduction
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Don’t apologizeDon’t promise something you won’t
deliverDon’t use gimmicks that gain
attention but are irrelevant to the speech
Don’t introduce your speech with ineffective statements
Faults in Introductions
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The conclusion is often the part of the speech that the audience remembers most clearly.
Functions of the conclusionSummarize the speechMotivate the audienceProvide closure
The Conclusion
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Faults in Conclusions
Don’t introduce new materialDon’t dilute your positionDon’t drag out the conclusion
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Transitions are words, phrases, or sentences that help listeners follow the development of your thoughts and argument and get an idea of where you are in your speech.
Functions of transitionsTo connect presentation partsAnnounce a major propositionSignal conclusionIndicate contrast or exceptionPrecursor to next point
Transitions
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The outlineIs a blueprint for the speechShould be started when you begin
constructing the speechHelps you see at a glance all the elements
of organization consideredEnables you to spot weaknesses in the
speech
Outlining the Speech
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Construct a preparation outline using the following guidelines:
1. Start with a title or question.2. Outline the introduction, body,
and conclusion as separate units3. Insert transitions4. Append a list of references5. Use a consistent set of symbols6. Use complete declarative
sentences or phrases
Constructing the Outline
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Other Outline FormatsPreparation Outlines
The main outline that is constructedTemplate Outlines
A pre-established format into which specific information is inserted
Delivery OutlinesConsisting of key words or phrases that
will assist the speaker in delivering the speech
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Discussion Questions
Many students appear to give little thought to developing clear outlines for their speeches. Why do you think this is? What might be done to help them see the importance of developing a good, strong outline?
Saida and Soufiane have decided to present a persuasive speech on the need for people to recycle. How might they develop their speech by using the motivated sequence pattern?