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Mycotoxigenic Fungi Contamination and
Aflatoxin Awareness in Plant-based Chicken
Feeds: A Case Study of Western Kenya
Owiro, N.O., Ochuodho, J.O., Rachuonyo, H.A., Gohole, L.S.,
Tarus, J.K., Ooko, L.A., Okello, E.O., Munyasi, J. W. &
Omega, J.A.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
The Fifth African Higher Education Week & RUFORUM Biennial ConferenceVenue: Century City Conference Centre, Cape Town South Africa | Dates: 17th – 22nd October, 2016
“Partnerships to unlock the Potential of Agricultural Development in Africa”
INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM: Clean plant–based chicken feed & plantproducts free from aflatoxin is desired = Depends largelyon HANDLING & STORAGE (Okutoi, 2007)–Majorchallenge especially in Western Kenya
GAPS: Poor quality feeds (King’ori et al., 2010)=inadequate knowledge on feed handling and storagetechniques in relation to mycotoxigenic fungi andmycotoxins contamination
RESEARCH FOCUS: Generate knowledge on proper handling and storage of plant-based feed– To ensure quality & safe feeds for indigenous chicken farmers in Western Kenya.
OBJECTIVES
• To identify types of plant-based indigenous chicken feeds
• To assess handling and storage methods of plant-based indigenous chicken feeds
• To assess farmers’ knowledge on feed safety and aflatoxin contamination
• To identify of mycotoxigenic fungi in indigenous chicken feeds
METHODOLOGY
• Survey =Western Kenya (Siaya, Busia and Kakamega Counties)
• Multi stage sampling = Counties (3), sub-counties (9), famer groups (4)
• Purposively sampled = youth and women groups
• Data collection; structured questionnaires; 180 indigenous chicken farmer on:
- feed types
- handling and storage practices
- aflatoxins awareness
• Samples collection (n=261)
• Fungal isolation & identification =DFBM
• Data analysis=descriptive statistical analysis; SPSS and Excel computer programs
96%
44% 42% 40%
18%
95%
10%17% 14%
23%
42%
(%)
FA
RM
ER
S
FEED TYPES
Fig 1: Types of feeds
RESULTS
Fig 2: Maize grain conditions
59%
41%
clean rotten/broken/insect infested/unsorted
RESULTS
Fig 3: Storage methods
• 91% of the farmers used gunny bags (house)
• 2% = Bucket/ House
• Traditional granary, polythene(house) Modern stores and No packaging = 1% respectively
RESULTS
Fig 4: Drying of feeds
• 97% = sun dried feeds
mat/polythene
• 3% = sun dry feeds on bare ground
RESULTS
Fig 5: Level of farmers awareness on aflatoxins
56
71
42 43
61
Aware of feed
safety
Heard of
aflatoxins
Aware aflatoxins Aware of
afflatoxins effects
Aware of
aflatoxins
management
practices
(%)
FA
RM
ER
S
AWARENESS
RESULTS
Table 6: Incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi in counties
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Asp
erg
illu
s
Fu
sari
um
Pen
icil
liu
m
Asp
erg
illu
s
Fu
sari
um
Pen
icil
liu
m
Asp
erg
illu
s
Fu
sari
um
Pen
icil
liu
m
Siaya Busia Kakamega
(%)
Fu
ngal
inci
den
ce
County/Fungi
RESULTS
Table 7: Incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi in Feeds
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
(%)
Fungal
Inci
den
ce
Feeds/ Fungi
Aspergillus Fusarium Penicillium
RESULTS
RESULTS
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
(%)
Fu
ng
al i
nci
den
ce
Storage method
Aspergillus spp Fusarium spp Penicillium spp
Table 8: Incidences of mycotoxigenic fungi with
regard to storage methods
Most farmers sun dry their unshelled maize on bare ground prior to shelling = high incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi in maize feeds (Mo).
Traditional granary has high amount of Aspergillus spp. This may be due to inadequate cleaning prior to introduction of new harvest and open air location
Low levels of mycotoxin (aflatoxin) awareness= Most farmers are unaware of aflatoxins effects, and this is further confirmed by use of unhealthy grains as feeds (Nyangaga, 2014 thesis)
DISCUSSIONS
- Handling and storage practices in Western Kenya expose feeds to mycotoxigenic fungi contamination.
- There is limited awareness on aflatoxins effects and sources of contamination (42%).
- There was incidences of mycotoxigenic fungi in all the three counties of Western Kenya.
CONCLUSSIONS
• Molecular identification of mycotoxigenic fungi
• Mycotoxins analysis
• Feed back to the farmers on Mycotoxins (aflatoxins)
ACTIVITIES REMAINING
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture (RUFORUM)
• University of Eldoret (UoE)
• Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Production (KALRO)
• Frontline extension officers in the study area
Thank you for listening.
THE END