Upload
frontiers-in-public-health
View
1.731
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
SCIENCE AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST IN BIOELECTROMAGNETICS
Dariusz Leszczynski, PhD, DSc
Adjunct Professor, University of Helsinki, Finland
Editor-in-Chief of Frontiers in Radiation and Health, Switzerland
Member of the Advisory Board, Cellraid, Ltd, Oulu, Finland
Science blogger @ BRHP – Between a Rock and a Hard Place
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
Content
• Who I am... My expert experiences
• Safety limits / Safety standards
• Scientific evidence for health risk
• Precautionary Principle
• Conflict of Interest
• WHO EMF Project = ICNIRP
• Conclusions
2
Who I am... My expert experience
• Two doctorates and docentship in biochemistry
• 22 years (1992-2013) at STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Finland
• 2003-2007 as Head of Radiation Biology Laboratory
• 2000-2013 as Research Professor
• Assistant Professor at Harvard Medical School 1997-1999
• Guangbiao Professor at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 2006-2009
• Visiting Professor at Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia 2012/2013
• Testified in US Senate hearing on cell phones and health, in 2009
• Participated in IARC 2011 classification of carcinogenicity of cell phone radiation
• Advised e.g. Parliament of Finland, US National Academies, WHO, IARC, BfS, ICNIRP, Swiss National Foundation
3
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
“CELL PHONES REACH THE MARKET WITHOUT SAFETY TESTING
The cellular phone industry was born in the early 1980s, when communications
technology that had been developed for the Department of Defense was put into
commerce by companies focusing on profits. This group, with big ideas but limited
resources, pressured government regulatory agencies - particularly the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) - to allow cell phones to be sold without pre-market
testing. The rationale, known as the “low power exclusion,” distinguished cell
phones from dangerous microwave ovens based on the amount of power used to
push the microwaves. At that time, the only health effect seen from microwaves
involved high power strong enough to heat human tissue.”
4Quote from the LifeExtension Magazine August 2007
The Hidden Dangers of Cell Phone Radiation
George Carlo interviewed by Sue Kovach
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
5
Safety limits / Safety standards
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
Problems associated with the safety standards
• No information whether/how cell phone radiation affects humans
• No certainty that safety standards protect all users from anything besides thermal effects
• Any equipment radiating below safety standards is considered safe, which might be misleading
• Compliance with the safety standards is currently used as an excuse to stop research funding and to continue untamed deployment of new wireless technologies, without any testing
• Non-thermal effects exist but are refused to be acknowledged and studied in depth because of the “excuse” of safety standards
6
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
Macro-scale dosimetry
7
Water
Salt
Sugar+ =
The problem:
free movement of ions
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
8
Scientific evidence for health risk
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
The problem of the funding ”firewalls”
“Firewalls” - set to assure independence of the scientific research from the
commercial interests
Current system of the “firewalls” does not work:
• the industry knows whom they are funding
• the scientists know who is funding them
• the “firewall” keeper is profiting from providing the “firewall” (administrating
the industry’s money for the scientists)
This situation resembles the proverbial ‘public secret’ – everyone knows about it but
no one publicly admits to knowing…
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
9
IARC evaluation in 2011
• 30 invited experts divided into four sub-groups
• Dosimetry
• Epidemiology
• Animal studies
• Mechanistic laboratory in vitro studies
• Decisions by a consensus or by a simple majority
• The vast majority of 30 experts voted for the classification of cell phone radiation as a possible carcinogen (Group 2B)
10
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
IARC 2011: Epidemiology
• Interphone & Hardell studies
• no reliable exposure data based on person’s memory
• risk increase in long-term avid users
• Children – only CEFALO
• exposures for 2-4 years
• has no statistical power to detect small risk
• Bruce Armstrong, Australia
• Maria Blettner, Germany
• Elisabeth Cardis, Spain
• Lennart Hardell, Sweden
• Peter Inskip, USA
• David Richardson, USA
• Martin Roosli, Switzerland
• Jonathan Sammet, USA
• Malcolm Sim, Australia
• Jack Siemiatycki, Canada
11
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
...after IARC: Epidemiology
• Trend-data - Little et al. 2012: slow rise of brain cancer cases in USA
• trend is similar to Interphone “prediction” but not Hardell “prediction”
• Danish Cohort update study 2011 – no effect
• no exposure data but just the length of phone subscription with service provider
• Million Women study 2014 - no effect but exposure data inadequate
• use of cell phone: ‘never’, ‘less than once a day’, ‘every day’
• CERENAT study from France 2014 – effect as in Inerphone and Hardell
• no reliable exposure data based on person’s memory
12
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
Epidemiological evidence supports cancer risk
• IARC classification was based on the results of Interphone and Hardell studies
• In 2014, a new epidemiological study was published - the French CERENAT
• The French study reached similar conclusions as Interphone and Hardell
previously – long term avid use of cell phone increases a risk of developing
brain cancer
• Now, there are three replications of the same epidemiological type of study,
the case-control study, that all suggest the cell phone radiation might increase
risk of developing brain cancer
13
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
All epidemiology studies have completely unreliable exposure data
• All epidemiology studies have completely unreliable exposure data
• Length of calls or length of phone subscription with service provider or saying whether you ever or never used cell phone, does not inform about the real exposure of the cell phone user.
• Using the above ”exposure data”, persons with very different radiation exposures are placed in the same exposed group for statistical evaluation. This dilutes results!
• Ongoing cohort study COSMOS collects exposure data as length of calls!
• There is a way to collect real exposure data by using apps installed on currently used smart phones
14
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
IARC evaluation: Human studies• The vast majority are “feelings” studies
• Subjects asked how they feel and do they feel when radiation is on/off
• EHS must exist – question is only what is radiation cut-off level
• Otherwise EMF would be the only factor not causing individual sensitivity
• Problem of EHS – studied by psychologists not physiologists – wrong methods
• WHO definition of health – how to consider it? IARC classification justifies reasoning for “mental and social well-being”
• Lack of studies examining biochemical responses of human tissues (!)
• Single skin proteomics study
• Two studies examined glucose metabolism in the brain
15
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
IARC evaluation: Animal studies
• No classical toxicology possible
• Not possible to overdose cell phone radiation because of heating effect
• By classical toxicology standards RF would be judged as harmful to humans
• Life-time exposures to radiation at doses similar to those emitted by cell phones show no effect – result is useless for human health risk estimation
• Misleading claims that because animal studies, performed with cell phone radiation levels, do not show effects means that people are safe
• Co-carcinogen studies show some effects – cell phone radiation might potentiate effects of carcinogenic chemicals or radiation
• Just now published: Tillmann 2010 confirmed by Lerchl 2015!
16
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
IARC evaluation: Mechanistic studies
• Laboratory evidence was considered, by voting (noconsensus) as insufficient to support/show mechanism ofcell phone radiation effects
17
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
Mechanism of some of the biological effects: Cellular stress response
18
Cell
proliferation
and
expression
of cancer
regularory
genes
Leszczynski et al. 2002
Caraglia et al. 2005
Friedman et al. 2007
Buttiglione et al. 2007
Yu et al. 2008
Lee et al. 2008
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
19
In my opinion, the currently available
scientific evidence is sufficient to upgrade
the carcinogenicity of cell phone radiation
from the possible carcinogen (Group 2B) to
the probable carcinogen (Group 2A)
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
Invoking the Precautionary Principle
“Whether or not to invoke the Precautionary Principle is adecision exercised where scientific information isinsufficient, inconclusive, or uncertain and where there areindications that the possible effects on environment, orhuman, animal or plant health may be potentiallydangerous and inconsistent with the chosen level ofprotection.”
21
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
Reasons for invoking the Precautionary Principle
Scientific information is insufficient, inconclusive, or uncertain
• IARC classification as possible carcinogen (Group 2B)
There are indications that the possible effects on human health may bepotentially dangerous
• epidemiological studies from Interphone, Hardell and CERENAT showan increased risk of brain cancer in long-term avid users
Inconsistent with the chosen level of protection
• epidemiological studies, showing increased risk in long-term avidusers, were generated in populations using regular cell phones,meeting current safety standards = current safety standards areinsufficient to protect users
22
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
The impact of implementing the Precautionary Principle
• Precaution does not equal Prevention
• Strong opposition from telecom industry
• Technology providers can be made responsible to prove their product is safe
• Requirement of making more efficient (less radiation emissions) technology
• Limiting current rampant and uncontrolled deployment of wireless networks
• Will create new knowledge through research
• Will create new jobs in research and technology
23
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
What is Conflict of Interest (CoI)
The Institute of Medicine of The US National Academies defines
Conflict of Interest (CoI) as:
“a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional
judgment or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly
influenced by a secondary interest”.
Quotes selected/modified from
Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies 2009
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
25
The goal of the CoI policies
Central goal of conflict of interest policies is to protect theintegrity of professional judgment and to preserve public trustrather than to remeditate bias or mistrust after it occurs
Quote modified from
Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies 2009
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
26
Sufficiency of the CoI disclosure
The disclosure of individual and institutional financial relationships
is a critical but limited first step in the process of identifying and
responding to conflict of interest
Quote modified from
Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies 2009
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
27
Why CoI disclosure might be insufficient
• Person with the conflict of interest will be making decisions
• How reliable will be decisions made by the person with the
conflict of interest?
• How reliable are the past decisions of persons who left the
advisory expert committee to work for the industry?
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
28
Criteria for evaluating CoI policies
Proportionality Is the policy most efficiently directed at the most important CoI?
Transparency Is the policy comprehensible and accessible to the individuals
and institutions that may be affected by the CoI policy?
Accountability Does the CoI policy indicate who is responsible for enforcing
and revising it?
Fairness Does the CoI policy apply equally to all relevant groups within
an institution and in different institutions?
Quoted after
Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies 2009
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
29
Specifics of the bioelectromagnetics
• Bioelectromagnetics is a narrow research area. Unavoidably, all
science is done, evaluated and presented to the general public and
decision-makers by a small group of “influential players”.
• Large research consortia, appointed committees and self-appointed
committees consist of the same “influential players”. The same applies
to the narrow field of “influential” peer-reviewers of new research
projects and of articles published in peer-reviewed journals.
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
30
As if by default, all of the bioelectromagnetics’“influential players” claim in their disclosures toeither have no CoI or, if they have it, they claimto be absolutely unaffected in their scientificdecisions by their CoI.
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
31
Trustworthiness of the unchecked, self-made CoI
David Heath of the Center for Public Integrity, Washington, DC,
wrote in December 2013 about Patricia Buffler, Dean of the School
of Public Health at the University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
• Buffler’s own research found strong evidence suggesting that preschoolers
should stay away from wet paint
• Yet, in the past three years, Buffler was paid more than $360,000 to
work as an expert witness on behalf of companies that used to sell lead-
based paint
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
32
Accountability in bioelectromagnetics committees
• Commonly, the disclosures of CoI, even in very influential
committees, are not standardized and seemingly not checked
for their accuracy
• The CoI disclosures rely entirely on the willingness of the
discloser to make the full disclosure
• There seems to be no accountability for any false, erroneous or
incomplete disclosures
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
33
Examples of the committees
Committee Selections Disclosures Accountability Funding
ICNIRP ”private club” Yes, but... No Unclear sources
SCENIHR ”buddies system” Yes, but... Yes* EU
BioInitiative ”private club” No? No Members’ own
* Potential exclusion from the SCENIHR
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
34
ICNIRP members are asked to declare any personal interests in
relation to the activities of ICNIRP. Members' declaration of
personal interests are available on ICNIRP’s website.
Accuracy checks are missing. Avoidance of “straight” answers?
• Q: Do you have research support from the industry?
• A: I have no personal support from the industry.
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
35
Examples of the scientific problems in the bioelectromagnetics committees
• Selectiveness in collecting/admissing evidence• All evidence listed but not considered in practice (ICNIRP)• Selection of predominantly supportive evidence (BioInitiative)
• Single scientist making judgement/writing opinion paper• BioInitiative• SCENIHR
• Committees do not want to talk to each other• Call for the round-table to resolve differences was flatly rejected
by ICNIRP, BioInitiative and MMF/GSMA
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
36
Potential impact of the disclosed CoI
• Even in a situation when disclosure of the CoI is done in full,
what impact the disclosed CoI has on the decisions made by the
discloser?
• Even after the full disclosure of the CoI, person having the CoI
might be making decisions.
• Are these decisions influenced, or not influenced, by the CoI,
also when it was disclosed?
37
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
Are there irreplaceable experts ?
As the society at large and as the scientific community, should we
be solely dependent on the ethics and the consciousness of
persons having Conflict of Interest, or should we intervene and
exclude persons with significant CoI from the advisory and
decision-making role?
38
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
In dealings with experts, as a society and asscientists, should we exercise a full trust or alimited trust, and make sure that the ”skeletons”do not remain hidden?
39
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
ICNIRP hijacked the WHO EMF Project #1
• WHO EMF Project is working as “front” for implementing ICNIRP opinions
• Head of the WHO EMF Project is Dr. Emilie van Deventer, an engineer, without expertise in evaluating bio-medical research
• WHO EMF Project relies completely on bio-medical expertise from the ICNIRP
40
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
• ICNIRP members play a lead role in preparation of the Environmental Health Criteria on RF-EMF (e.g. cell phone radiation) that will determine the future of the wireless technologies
• ICNIRP, the self-appointing NGO, has no accountability at all – nobody controls its activites (not for CoI disclosures, not for errorenous decisions)
• Can ”private club”, ICNIRP, be fully trusted with the EHC task that is certainly lobbied by the telecom?
42
ICNIRP hijacked the WHO EMF Project #2
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
• The World Health Organization Director General Dr. Margaret Chan doesnot care what the WHO EMF Project does with the science
• The complaint about the WHO EMF Project’s handling of the writing processof the Environmental Health Criteria, was sent for response to... Dr. Emilie vanDeventer, Head of the WHO EMF Project – clear problem of Conflict ofInterest
43
ICNIRP hijacked the WHO EMF Project #3
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015
Conclusions
• IARC classification of cell phone radiation as a possible carcinogen is a sufficientreason for invoking Precautionary Principle
• Claims that the current safety standards protect all users are not supported bythe scientific evidence
• Users should be informed about the current scientific uncertainty and advised tolimit exposures whenever possible and feasible and strongly discouraged fromkeeping cell phones close to body (in pockets)
• Real radiation exposure data should be used in epidemiological studies
• ALARA principle should be implemented for cell phone radiation exposures
• Activity of WHO EMF Project and membersips of ICNIRP and SCENIHR shouldbe overhauled... and clear accountability rules should be set
44
Dariusz Leszczynski; GIGAHERZ Symposium, Switzerland, March 7, 2015