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System Dynamics & Public Policy Guest Lecture Applied OR Significant B.V. 4 maart 2015 Wouter Jongebreur Jitske Nijhuis

Slides college System Dynamics - RUG 20150304

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Page 1: Slides college System Dynamics - RUG 20150304

System Dynamics &

Public Policy Guest Lecture Applied OR

Significant B.V.

4 maart 2015

Wouter Jongebreur

Jitske Nijhuis

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Content

1. Significant and objectives of this lecture

2. Introduction of System Dynamics

3. System Dynamics Applications: an example

Break

4. Discussing a case

5. Short summary

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Objectives of the session

• Objectives for this session • Introduction of a ‘new’ method (System Dynamics)

• Emphasize the importance of the modeling process

• Applied OR is not only suitable for logistics

• Presentation of modeling successes in public policy

• Motivation • Working is fun!

• Application of what you have learned

• Real, social issues that matter

• Contribution to the RuG and OR students

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Delay and feedback

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Introduction: compared to other methods

Effect

Patterns

of behavior

Structure

How can we react as soon as possible on the

observed effect?

Spreadsheets, ‘quick and dirty’ calculations

Which trends and patterns seem to occur ?

What’s the underlying structure that causes the

(patterns of) behavior ?

Today

Future Systems Thinking/System Dynamics

Econometric models

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Forecast (?) *

* Simulation

(scenario’s)

Policy decision

Development

Policies to prevent the forecast to become reality

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System Dynamics & simulation models

• System Dynamics • Cause and effect diagram

• Stocks, flows and auxiliaries

• Quantification including assumptions (expert opinions)

• Result: simulation models • Tool for decision making

• New policy decisions (scenario’s for decision making)

• Stacked policies: parallel (side) effects

• Gaining insight in complex systems (chains)

• Identification of control possibilities (intervention points)

• Clear communication and common view on the problem

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... A shower on the beach?

... A large tree? ... Soft and

warm… is it a doughnut?

... A bare mountain hill?

Mental model determines conclusions… and action

“The blind man and

the elephant”

(John Godfrey

Saxe)

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Group model building process

• Content of the model delivered by field experts

• No black box model: transparency

• Process: merging separate mental models to shared

images/models

• Reference group: • Conceptualizing, generating content, agree on modeling

assumptions

• Validation and necessary differentiations of results

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Iterative use of the simulation model

(2) Simulation model

potentieel aantal IVOs HvBs

600

450

300

150

0

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Decimal year (year)

potentieel aantal IVOs HvBs : basis personen/maand

potentieel aantal IVOs HvBs : convenanten personen/maand

uitstroom beleidssepot

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Decimal year (year)

uitstroom beleidssepot[volwassenen,licht] : basis zaken/maand

uitstroom beleidssepot[volwassenen,licht] : convenanten zaken/maand

zaken eerste aanleg Meervoudige Kamer wachtend op uitspraak

2,000

1,750

1,500

1,250

1,000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Decimal year (year)

zaken eerste aanleg Meervoudige Kamer wachtend op uitspraak[volwassenen,zwaar] : basis zaken

zaken eerste aanleg Meervoudige Kamer wachtend op uitspraak[volwassenen,zwaar] : convenanten zaken

instroom volwassenen 'in verzekeringstelling'

2,000

1,750

1,500

1,250

1,000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Decimal year (year)

instroom volwassenen 'in verzekeringstelling'[middel] : basis personen/maand

instroom volwassenen 'in verzekeringstelling'[middel] : convenanten personen/maand

(3) Monitors

(4) Findings (insight)

(1) Switches (policy decisions)

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It all began with SMS at the Ministry of Justice

wachtend op

beoordeling

dagvaardingen

wachtend op zitting

technisch sepot

uitstroom

taakstraffen OM

terugstroom van

ZM

<maximum aantal

technische sepots>

<maximum aantal

beleidssepots>

<maximum aantal

transacties OM>minimumdoorlooptijd

technisch sepot

minimumdoorlooptijdbeleidssepot

minimumdoorlooptijd

transactie OM

% geldsom

transacties

% technisch sepot

<maximaal aantal

dagvaardingen>

minimumdoorlooptijd

dagvaardingen

uitstroom dagvaardingen met

voorarrest

% dagvaardingen

met voorarrest

zaken eerste aanleg

Enkelvoudige Kamer

wachtend op uitspraak

zaken eerste aanleg

Meervoudige Kamer

wachtend op uitspraak

zaken hoger beroep

Enkelvoudige Kamer

wachtend op zitting

zaken hoger beroep

Meervoudige Kamer

wachtend op zitting

vonnis hoger beroep

instroom zaken

HB EK

instroom zaken

HB MK

wachtend op definitief

vonnis eerste aanleg

uitspraken rechter

EA EK

uitspraken rechter

EA MK

hoger beroep EK

hoger beroep MK

vri

jheid

sstr

aff

en

EA

geld

bo

ete

EA

taak

stra

f E

A

teru

g n

aar

OM

HB

vri

jheid

s- s

traff

en

HB

taak

stra

f H

B

vri

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raak

/ o

nts

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rech

tsv

erv

olg

ing

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cassatie

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% beroep EA MK

% cassatie HB

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MK

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geld

- b

oete

HB

% MK terugwijzingen /

verwijzingen hoge raad

% aanhoudingen

EA MK

% aanhoudigen

EA EK % EK terugwijzingen /

verwijzingen hoge raad

terugwijzingen MK

<cassatie>

terugwijzingen EK

<cassatie>

TB

S E

A

TB

S H

B

teru

g n

aar

OM

EA

<maximum aantal

zaken EA EK>

<maximum aantal

zaken EA MK>

<maximum aantal

zaken HB EK>

<maximum aantal

zaken HB MK>

<terug naar OM

EA>

<terug naar OM

HB>

% EK-zaken

EK zaakgrensverhogen tot 12

maanden

<% beleidssepot>

uitstroom

beleidssepotuitstroom

technisch sepot

terugstroom technisch

sepot politie

uitstroom

geldsomtransacties

voegingen

instroom zittingen Eerste

Aanleg Enkelvoudige kamer

instroom zittingen Eerste

Aanleg Meervoudige kamer

% voegingen

aantal aanhoudingen

EA EK

aantal aanhoudingen

EA MK

zaken hoger beroep

Enkelvoudige Kamer

wachtend op uitspraak

zaken hoger beroep

Meervoudige Kamer

wachtend op uitspraak

uitspraken rechter

HB EK

uitspraken rechter

HB MK

doorlooptijd zaak

EA EK

doorlooptijd zaak

EA MK

gemiddelde duur

aanhouding EA EK

gemiddelde duur

aanhouding EA MK

doorlooptijd zaak

HB EK

doorlooptijd zaak

HB MK

uitstroom

dagvaardingen

Dossierstroom OM en ZM

<uitstroom

dagvaardingen>

<% transacties na>

<% dagvaardingen

na>

relatie doorlooptijd ZM

en percentage EK

zaken

<totale

doorlooptijd ZM>

instroom politie

instroom BOA

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Lack of data should not determine the scope and content of the model

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Data collection

• Solution: when hard data is not available, use ‘softer data’

• Three levels of data: • Hard data: facts and figures from research

and specific questions • Expert opinions: make use of knowledge of

group of experts • Best guesses: use comparisons, use

knowledge of experts • Results depend on data so:

• Write them down in documentation • Mention what sort of data it is • Mention sources

• Discuss data with expert group • See which data influences model behaviour

most (testing) • Use model updates to find additional data

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Since then many projects – a few recent examples

• The green cockpit (example)

• Reducing residential beds in mental healthcare (case)

• Impact analysis mental healthcare (case)

• Offender contribution for prison stay & costs criminal justice system

• Strategic human resources planning ‘Belastingdienst’

• Electronic detention

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Practice – System Dynamics language (1)

Voorraad

Instroom Uitstroom

Instroom snelheid(per tijdseenheid) Verblijfsduur

Voorraad

Instroom Uitstroom

Instroom snelheid(per tijdseenheid) Uitstroom snelheid

(per tijdseenheid

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Practice – System Dynamics language (2)

Gewenstetemperatuur

Watertemperatuur

Verandering inwater temperatuur

Verschil tussenwerkelijke en gewenste

temperatuur

Verandering intermperatuur (tap)

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Case: reducing residential beds in mental healthcare

• The number of residential beds are relatively high in The Netherlands

• Experts state that a substantial part of these beds can be replaced by

treatment outside the clinic

• Governmental agreement: number of residential beds must be reduced

30% in 2020

• Healthcare insurance companies are responsible for contracting mental

healthcare

• Question: suppliers (mental health care organisations) try to

anticipate: what can they do?

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Summary - Application of the method – beliefs (1)

• Gain insight in complexity in public issues

• Added value for analyzing effects new policies

• Process and content are equally important in the modeling

process

• Not always a simulation model

• Additional deliverables on top of the (numeric) results

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Application of the method – beliefs (2)

• Not (only) the system must learn, but the users must learn

• The reference group is equally important during the

modeling process and afterwards (interpreting the results)

• Models must be built for specific problems, no

‘cumbersome’ models

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Biggest problems and advantages

Problems (challenges)

1. No or inadequate data

2. Crystal glazer syndrom (no

exact forecasts but insights for

better decision making)

3. The model becomes too

complex

4. No link between reality and the

model

Advantages

1. Also applicable for new policies

2. Common understanding and

broader insights

3. White box modelling

4. Several spin-off products (not

only the simulation model)