SPONSOR DS IP

TYRES AND TUBES

I RODUCT I O N TN

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AIM

To teach student offrs about the construction

of tyres and tubes

SEQ

STAGE 1

TYRE CONST

TREAD PATTERNS, TYPES OF TYRE AND TUBES

TYRE MARKING

LOADING INDEX AND SPEED RATING

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6

STAGE 2

LATEST TRENDS

SAFETY MEASURES

RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCL

SEQ

TYRE BASICS

A tyre is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a

wh rim to protect it and enable better veh

performance by providing a flexible cushion that

absorbs shock while keeping the wh in close

contact with the gr.

The fundamental materials of modern tires are

synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and wire

They consist of a tread and a body. The tread

provides traction while the body ensures sp7

TYRE CONST

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TYRE CONST

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SIPESSmall, slit-like grooves

in the tread blocks that

allow the blocks to flex.

This added flexibility

increases traction by

creating an additional

biting edge. Sipes are

especially helpful on

ice, light snow and

loose dirt

GROOVES

Create voids for

better water

channeling on wet

road surfaces.

Grooves are the

most efficient way

of channeling water

from in front of the

tyres to behind it.

BLOCKS

Segments that

make up the

majority of a

tyre's tread.

RIBS

Straight-lined row

of blocks that

create a

circumferential

contact "band."

DIMPLESThese are the

indentations in the

tread, normally

towards the outer

edge of the tyre

SHOULDERSProvide continuous

contact with the

road while

maneuvering. The

shoulders wrap

slightly over the

inner and outer

sidewall of a tyre.

TYRE CONST

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13

TREAD PATTERNS

Rib Shape

Asymmetric Pattern

Block Shape

Zig Zag Shape

V Shape

TREAD PATTERNS

NON-DIRECTIONAL

MUD AND SNOW

DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW

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Groove

The groove is the hollow part or

the tread.

The grooves are cut which makes

the tyre pattern. The hollow part

(the groove) is designed to

channel the water out and away.

When tread wears the groove

becomes less hollow and

apparent.

Design of the groove effects the

performance and the quality of the

tyre.

Pitch:- The pitch/cuff is the small tread at the edge of both sides of the tyre, as shown in the picture on the left. The pitch often wears out before the wrest of the tyre. The function of the pitch is to enhance the performance providing better steering and sPitch:- The pitch/cuff is the small tread at the edge of both sides of the tyre, as shown in the picture on the left. The pitch often wears out before the wrest of the tyre. The function of the pitch is to enhance the performance providing better steering and stability. The pitch is mostly visibl

Pitch

The pitch/cuff is the small

tread at the edge of both

sides of the tyre

The func of the pitch is to

enhance the performance by

providing better steering and

stability

The pitch is mostly visible on

winter tyres, and it func to

byte the rd and grip the ice

NON-DIRECTIONAL

MUD AND SNOW

DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW

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Rib Shape The design is like a rib

shape with the grooves

running from the cen to the

edges like a rib pattern

This pattern aids faster

water drainage and hence

gives good traction on wet

rds

It is commonly found and

suitable for all car types.

The disadv of this type of

design is that it is rotational

pattern

TREAD PATTERNS

NON-DIRECTIONAL

MUD AND SNOW

DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW

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Assymetric Pattern It has a diff design on the

inside to the outside. It

looks like two different

tyres joined in the middle.

The sides differ in pattern

to give diff functionality

The inside offers better

cornering traction while

the outside is designed to

channel water away.

TREAD PATTERNS

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Block Shape This pattern has a block

shape design

The grooves are very small

the tread pattern is very

tight and close

The advances in tread

design have seen this tyre

less in use

It was very common on

passenger cars up till the

90’s. Today it is mostly

seen on winter and all

season type tyres.

TREAD PATTERNS

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Zig Zag Shape It’s a classic tread design

for passenger vehs.

Today most van tyres are

still using this zigzag

design

Success of this design in

commercial use is because

of the grooves that are cut

in a zigzag gives the tyre

low rolling resistance, low

heat generation ideal for

the long journeys

TREAD PATTERNS

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V type pattern

The tread pattern ensures

that they grip well to the rd

remaining as rigid as

possible at all times

TREAD PATTERNS

NON-DIRECTIONAL

MUD AND SNOW

CROSS CTY ROCK SVC

DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW

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TREAD PATTERNS

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Radial tyres

Bias Tyres

Performance tyres

All round tyres

Wet-weather tyres

Winter or snow tyres

All terrain tyres

TYPES OF TYRES

Truck or Van tyres

Combat tyres

Passenger tyres

Rock svc tyres

Earthmover tyres

Grader tyres

RADIAL AND BIAS TYRES

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A Radial-ply tire is a

particular design of veh

tyre

In this design, the cord

plies are arr at 90 deg to

the dir of travel, or r

adially (from the centre

of the tire)

Series of plies of cord

reinforces a tire.

The radial cords in the

sidewall allow it to act

like a spring, giving

flexibility and ride

comfort.

CROSS-PLY TYRE

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TYPE OF TYRES

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Performance tyresPerformance tyres are designed for grip and

driving performance rather than longevity,

and use softer rubber compounds.

The tread pattern utilised in performance

tyres will often utilise an asymmetric pattern,

as the outside tread pattern is designed to

channel water away and the inside pattern

offers better handling. Performance tyres are

often wider than the normal tyre and are often

used on larger rim size wheels.

TYPE OF TYRES

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All-Round tyresAll round tyres are found on most cars and

are designed to handle most of the weather

and road conditions that motorists will

encounter except for the extremes such as

snow, ice, mud and dirt

Wet-Weather tyresWet weather tyres are especially designed for

driving in wet conditions. Tread pattern is

deep and designed to spill water away from

the tyre. The rubber compound is even softer

than performance tyres and is designed to

heat up quickly and provide more grip on the

road

TYPE OF TYRES

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Snow tyresSnow tyres are designed for roads with

regular snow and ice. The tread pattern is

much larger than normal tyres and as a result

is much noisier. Snow tyres should only be

used in snow and ice conditions as the tyres

wear quickly on dry roads and damage the

road surface.

TYPE OF TYRES

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All-terrain tyresAll terrain tyres are used on 4WD vehicles. Designed for

handling a wide range of on-road and off-road conditions.

They have stiffer sidewalls and large tread patterns. All

terrain tyres fall into two main groups

– soft off-road and off-road tyres.

Soft off road tyres are designed primarily to be used on

sealed roads, with the tread patterns resembling normal

car tyres. They are engineered to be quieter on sealed

roads but are able to handle some off-road conditions like

gravel, dirt and sand.

Off-road tyres are designed to handle unsealed roads and

off-the-beaten track envmts.Off-road tyes are noisy and

wear more quickly on dry, sealed roads.

TYPE OF TYRES

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Truck or Van tyres

Tyres used in commercial vehicles will often

employ a classic zig zag pattern and are

designed to offer low rolling resistance and

low heat generation, which makes them ideal

for the long distances that commercial vans

and trucks travel. The disadvantages of the

zig zag pattern include poor cornering and a

lack of grip in wet conditions

TYPE OF TYRES

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Earth Mover TyresRock Svc Tyres

Truck Tyres (4x4 Vehs)

Solid Tyres

Earthmover TyresGrader TyresCOMBAT

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TYPES OF TUBES

STANDARD TUBE

COMBAT TUBE

BULLET RESISTING TUBE.

TYRE MARKINGS

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Manufacturers or

brand name, and

commercial name or

identity

Req pressure

marking

Type of Tyre

construction

Tyre size , Construction

and Speed rating

designations.

Cty of Mfr

ECE (not EEC)

Mud and Snow Tyre

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LI KG

50 190

51 195

52 200

53 206

54 212

55 218

56 224

57 230

58 236

59 243

60 250

61 257

62 265

63 272

64 280

65 290

66 300

67 307

68 315

69 325

LI KG

70 335

71 345

72 355

73 365

74 375

75 387

76 400

77 412

78 425

79 437

80 450

81 462

82 475

83 487

84 500

85 515

86 530

87 545

88 560

89 580

LI KG

150 3350

151 3450

152 3550

153 3650

154 3750

155 3875

156 4000

157 4125

158 4250

159 4375

160 4500

161 4625

162 4750

163 4875

164 5000

165 5150

166 5300

167 5450

168 5600

169 5800

TYRE SIZE – LOAD INDEX

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STAGE 2

LATEST TRENDS

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RUN FLAT TYRES

These tyres contain an extra lining within the tire

that self-seals in the event of a small hole due to

a nail or screw. In this way, the loss of air is

prevented from the outset such that the tire is

either permanently self-repairing or at least loses

air very slowly.

EXTRA

LINING

LATEST TRENDS

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Airless Tyres

These tyres are not sp by air pressure and are

used on cbt vehs/ Hy eqpt vehs

Airless tyres have higher rolling resistance and

provide much less suspension

Airless tyres are often filled with compressed

polymers (plastic) , rather than air

LATEST TRENDS

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Retread Tyres

Retreads are basically old recycled tyres

A retread is basically a new lease of rubber put

on an old tyre without changing the cords or

infrastructure

Retreads are more commonly found on off road

4x4 sizes and truck sizes

SAFETY MEASURES

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Hydroplaning / AquaplaningWhen driving in the rain or over

standing water and you temporarily

feel the vehicle is no longer in

control.This is a result of

hydroplaning

Hydroplaning is caused by a

combination of factors which

include the speed the tyre is

traveling how much tread is

remaining on the tyre, pressure and

also depth of the water. When the

tyre travels over the water it creates

a blocking point similar to a wave

albeit very small this causes the tyre

to temporarily float on the water

hence loosing contact with the road.

This is hydroplaning, to lose traction

and glide or hydroplane across the

water

SAFETY MEASURES

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Wheel BalancingSteering vibrations is a consequence of Veh’s

tyres not being balanced

In most cases if you feel the vibration and

shaking on the steering then it’s your front wheels

that need balancing and for those that feel it on

their rear then it’s the rear wheels that need

balancing

If the wheels are not balanced, driving can

be very annoying and this imbalance has a

knock on effect on other components

including suspension and tyres

SAFETY MEASURES

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Wheel AlignmentWheel alignment refers to the

procedure of lining up the

components of steering

including the camber, caster

and toe. Wheels that are not

aligned properly can wear out

tyres a lot quicker and along

with steering and handling

issues it can also damage the

suspension system of veh

SAFETY MEASURES

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Tyre Rotation

Tyre wear varies depending on where

it is fitted. If a car is front wheel drive

then the fronts will wear out a lot

quicker than the rear ones, the rear

tyres can do twice as many miles to

the front. If the car is rear wheel drive,

then the rears whs will wear a little

faster although there isn't a lot of

difference from front to back with these

cars.Most commonly it is suggested

you make the switch every 2000 to

3000 miles.

Be aware that some cars have a

different front size to the rear, in this

case no switch around can be made

SAFETY MEASURES

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Effects of tyre pressure

RECOMMENDATIONS

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Summer tyres are ideal and are basically the

best type for Sindh/Bln and Northern region

weather conditions and roads. They deliver

excellent driving and braking performance on

wet (rainy) and dry roads. In all the seasons

spring, summer, autumn and above freezing

winter conditions. The tread pattern ensures

that they grip well to the road remaining as rigid

as possible at all times

Winter tyres have a fine block design with

grooves that are deep and wide some also come

with spikes, the rubber compound is perfect for

low temperatures so when temperatures are

below freezing they provide good friction

characteristics. Suitable for extreme weathers

The tread pattern is more complex, they have

more sips, the tread bites the surface to give

grip in freezing conditions

All season tread designs provide good

traction and stability but also have good

tread wear

CONCL

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CONCL

Dir Stability

Steering Precisions

RIDE

COMFORT

Wet Braking

Aqua planing

Rolling Resistance

Service

Life

Tyre Weight

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THANKYOU

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