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PPT-058-01 22
o Used as a preservative
o In residential conditionsit can off-gas from woodproducts or other itemscontaining formaldehyde
o Such releases may occurfrom:
o Paintso Varnisheso Smoking
PPT-058-01 23
Insulation:
o Urea-formaldehyde foamed-in insulation (UFFI) in homes
o Levels as low as 0.046 ppm were correlated with eye and nasal irritation levels around 1.9 ppm produced significant pulmonary function damage
PPT-058-01
Exposure depends on:
o Potency of emitting materials
o Surface area to air volume ratio
o Environmental factors, like humidity and temperature
o Age of emitting product
o Ventilation available or lacking of circulation
PPT-058-01
• Concentrations between 0.05 ppm and 0.5 ppm produce a sensation of irritation to eyes with burning, itching, redness and tearing
• Skin contact can cause irritation of the skin and allergic contact dermatitis
• These disorders can occur at levels well below those encountered by most formaldehyde workers
Excerpted from a March 25, 1998 OSHA Interpretation Letter to Mr. Ryan Hopper from Mr. John B. Miles, Jr., Director, Directorate of Compliance Programs concerning regulations affecting embalming using formaldehyde
PPT-058-01
The odor threshold for most people is around 0.05 ppm with highest level at 1 ppm depending on individual sensitivity
Maximum workplace concentration is 0.3 ppm as ceiling exposure
PPM – Parts per Million Health Effect
0.5 Begin to sense eye irritation
0.5 – 1 5%-20% report eye irritation
1 and above Greater sensory irritation
PPT-058-01
Exposure monitoring is neededto properly evaluate the ambient exposure in air.
Air samples are collected over a period of time to adequately measure the air concentration
Samples are collected by a ABIH Board Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH) using validated air sampling methods
o Epidemiological studies on the effects of chronic formaldehyde exposure consistently found respiratory and allergic effects at levels below 123µg/m3 (Health Canada,2005)
o No effects were found in children exposed to 10 to 49µg/m3 formaldehyde
o Non-significant increase of risk was observed at 50 to 59µg/m3, and
o Significantly increased risk was observed at concentrations exceeding 60µg/m3 (Rumchev, et. al.,2002)
Inhalation studies of formaldehyde with animal models have shown histopathological effects such as:
o Hyperplasia, o Squamous metaplasia, o Inflammation, erosion, ulceration, and
disarrangements in the nasal cavity at airborne concentrations of 3.7 mg/m3and above (NOAEL 1.2 mg/m3).
These histopathological effects appear to be a function of the formaldehyde concentration in inhaled air rather than of the cumulative dose.
Residential Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for Formaldehydes
Exposure Concentration
µg/m3
Concentration
ppb
Critical effect
1 hour 123 100 Eye irritation
8 hours 50 40 Respiratory
symptoms in children
A one-hour exposure limit is established at 123µg/m3(100 ppb), which represents 1/5 of the no
observable adverse effects level and 1/10 of the lowest observable adverse effects level found
for eye irritation in the Kulle (1993)
A 8-hour exposure limit is established at 50µg/m3(40 ppb), i.e., a the lower end of the exposure
category associated with no significant increase of asthma hospitalization in the Rumchev, et
al., (2002)
Residential Indoor Air Quality Services
o Conduct indoor air quality monitoring based on strategically designed sampling plan
o Collect air samples using a validated methodo Analyze samples by accredited laboratoryo Corroborate data with scientific evidenceo Consult with stakeholders regarding methods
of remediationo Provide litigation support and testimonyo Post-remediation verification testing and
analysis