3. LEARNING THEORIES

Dr.R.Venkatesan PhD(IITM)Professor –NICMAR Hyderabad

LEARNING is acquiring new or modifying and reinforcing existing knowledge behavior skills, values and preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information.

LEARNING

CLASSIFICATION OF LEARNING

1.Classical conditioning

2.Operant conditioning

3. Observational learning

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY

Classical conditioning was the first type of learning to be discovered and studied within the behaviorist tradition. Conditioning is a kind of response build up through repeated exposure.

The major theorist in the development of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist trained in biology and medicine .

• The Unconditioned Stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and

automatically triggers a response. : Food

• The Unconditioned Response is the unlearned response that occurs

naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. : Salivation

Four Components of Conditioning:

• The Conditioned Stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after

becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. : Ring + food

• The Conditioned Responseis the learned response to the previously

neutral stimulus. : Ringing + Salivation

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING – IVAN PAVLOV THEORY

Classical conditioning was the first type of learning to be discovered and studied within the behaviorist tradition. Conditioning is a kind of response build up through repeated exposure.The major theorist in the development of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist trained in biology and medicine .

CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGBefore conditioning

During conditioning:

During Conditioning

Food- US( Unconditioned Stimulus)Bell – NS ( Neutral stimulus)

After conditioning

Bell - Conditioned stimulusDog - Conditioned response

Ivan Pavlov and His Dogs

Classical Conditioning in Humans One of the famous example of classical

conditioning was John B. Watson's experiment in which a fear response was conditioned in a young boy known as “Little Albert”. The child initially showed no fear of a white rat, but after the presentation of the rat was paired repeatedly with loud, scary sounds, the child would cry when the rat was present. The child's fear also generalized to other fuzzy white objects.

Little Albert Experiment

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to repeat a pleasurable actions or to avoid punishment.

OPERANT CONDITIONING

REINFORCEMENT is something that happens after a behavior or event that strengthens or increases behavior likely to occur again.

REINFORCEMENT

TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT

+ VE REINFORCRMRNT -VE REINFORCEMENT

Positive reinforcements are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. A behavior is strengthened by the addition of something.

Negative reinforcement In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant. (e.g. headache–by taking aspirin headache gone)

PUNISHMENT is the presentation of an

adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior it follows.

PUNISHMENT

DIFFERENCES B/W OC & CC Classical Conditioning Here, the person

learns an association between two stimuli.

It usually deals with reflexive or involuntary responses such as physiological or emotional responses.

Operant conditioning Here, the person

learn an association between the behavior and its consequences.

it usually deals with voluntary behaviors such as active behaviors that operate on the environment.

Operant conditioning Operant conditioning is the basic learning

process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences that response.

a. Reinforcement 1. Followed by desirable event2. Ends an undesirable event

b. Punishment1. Followed by an undesirable event2. Ends a desirable event

Two forms of punishment

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING Learning by

observing others. Also called SOCIAL LEARNING.

Do we learn by observing others?

What do we learn by observing others?

Attention — Observing the behavior. Retention — Remembering what you paid

attention to Reproduction — Being able to reproduce

the image, Including physical capabilities. Motivation — Includes having a good

reason to imitate. Action — Behaving and practicing .

PROCESS

The ability to store information is an important part of the learning process

REMEMBERING & RECALLING

Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the information,  it is time to actually perform the behavior you observed. 

IMITATING

ACTION

attention retention processing

motivationaction

PROCESS

- Is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behavior are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.

Behaviorism

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