ניר הר בתי גידול אלונים עבודת דוקטור - מלא 2008

1. Rock-soil system and water regime dynamics in the habitat as the mainecological factors of Quercus ithaburensis and Quercus calliprinosin Alonim-Menashe region Thesis submitted for the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy Nir Herr May 2008

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7. ' Contents1. 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.1 1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.1 2 -------------------------------------------------------------1.2.1.1 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.1.2 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.1.3 4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.1.4 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 5 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. : 6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. : 7 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.1.5 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------. 8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.2 9 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.2.1 9 ------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.2.2 10 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 10 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 10 ----------------------------------------------------------------------. 11 ------------------------------------------------------. 11 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.2.3 14 ------------------------------------------. 14 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 14 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 15 ---------------------------------------------------------------------. 15 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 16 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.2.4 16 -----------------------------------. -- 16 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 18 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. - 18 -------------------------------------------------------------------. , 18 --------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.3 20 -------------------------------------------------------------------1.3 , 21 --------------------------------------------------------------------1.3.1 21 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.3.2 21 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.3.3 21 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. 2. 22 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------2.1 22 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.2 22 -------------------------------2.3 23 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.3.1 23 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.3.2 24 ------------------------------------------------------------2.3.3 24 -----------------------------------------------------2.4 25 --------------------------------------------------------------------------2.4.1 , , 25 ---------------------------------------------------------------2.4.2 26 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.5 27 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------. () 27 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 27 --------------------------------------------------------------------. 27 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 28 --------------------------------------------------------------------. 28 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 28 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.6 29 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.7 29 ---------------------------------------------------------2.7.1 29 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.7.2 30 -------------------------------------------------------------. , 30 --------------------------30 ---------------------------------------------------------------- (Heat pulse) . . () 31 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.7.3 - () 31 -------------------------------------------------------. 31 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. - 31 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. 32 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.1 32 -----------------------------------------------------------------------3.1.1 32 -------------------------------------------3.1.2 33 ----------------------------------------------3.1.2.1 - 33 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------. : 33 ------. - -: , 34 --------3.1.2.2 34 ---------------------------------. : 34 ------------------------------------------------. : -, , , 35 -------------. : 35 -----------3.1.2.3 36 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 36 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------. - 37 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 39 ------------------------------------------------------3.1.3 40 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2 41 ------------------------------------------------3.2.1 41 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.2 - 41 -----------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.2.1 41 ------------------------------------------------------------------. 41 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 42 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. 3.2.2.2 42 ---------------------------------------------------------------. 42 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 42 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.2.3 42 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.2.4 - 43 ------------------------------------------------3.2.3 43 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.4 43 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.4.1 43 ------------------------------------------------------------3.2.4.2 44 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.4.3 () 44 ------------------------------------------------------3.2.4.4 44 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------45 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 246 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 1. 46 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 46 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. - 47 ------------------------------------------------------3.2.4.5 47 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.5 48 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.5.1 -: 48 -------------------------------- 49 --------------------------------- (GPR) 3.2.5.2 3.2.5.3 51 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------. 51 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 52 -----------------------------------. 53 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.5.4 53 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 53 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 53 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 53 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 54 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.3 55 --------------------------------------------------------------3.3.1 55 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.3.2 56 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.3.3 , 57 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4 , 57 ----------------------------------3.4.1 57 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.1.1 57 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 57 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 ---------------------------------------------------------------- . 2. 57 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 58 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.1.2 58 -------------------------------------------------------3.4.2 59 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.3 60 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.3.1 60 -------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.3.2 61 ----------------. 61 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 61 -------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.4 61 ---------------------------------------. 61 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. . 6 61 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 6 62 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 62 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 62 --------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.5 63 ---------------------------------------------------------3.4.5.1 63 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 63 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. - () 64 ---------------------------------------------------------------3.4.5.2 - 64 -------------------------------------------------------3.4.6 , 64 ----------------------------------------------------------3.4.6.1 1: 64 ---------3.4.6.2 65 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------3.5 67 ------------------------------------------------3.5.1 67 ---------------------------------------------. 67 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 67 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.5.2 , 68 ----------------------------------------------3.5.2.1 68 -------------------------------------3.5.2.2 68 --------------------------------------------. 68 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 69 ----------------------------------------------------------3.5.3 70 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------. 70 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 70 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 71 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. 72 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.1 72 --------------------------------. 72 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 73 --------------------------------------------------4.2 74 ----------------------------------------------. 74 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 75 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.3 - 76 -------------------------------------------------4.4 -- 78 ----------------------------------. 78 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 80 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5 80 --------------------4.6 82 ---------------------------------4.7 82 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- English contents and summary

11. 11. 1.1 * , *, , (Quercus ithaburensis) . *, * * 2000 ). * , 1.5 ( ', 1998 , . , . , (, 2000 ). , . * .( (, 2002 , : , * *. , , * , , . . , . . , , . , . * .( (, 1998 . , , . , , . , . . , . , : , , , , , , , , , . , .

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16. 4 Sandler et al (2004). . , . ( 1995 ) (, 1990 ). , Kafri (1997) ., ( 1990 ) . ( ) . , * , ), ( . 20 '. 5. , . . , , . () . , , . (Picard, 1936) , . , 1.2.1.3 , , . . , . , , . 1.2 ; , 1.1 (, , , 1'). , 1970 ). (, 1963 ; , 1970 ; . , ( , , 2005 ), . , 400 ' . . , ), ( (, 1998 ). , ( ), , . .(Herr et al, 2002 ;1960 , ( , ; ( , 1960, , , .( , 19701.2.1.4 1:20,000 ( 1963 ). . ( 1998 ) , ). 1980 , . . ) ( 1986 ). ,

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ניר הר בתי גידול אלונים עבודת דוקטור - מלא 2008