Matter and Life

WILTON P. FORMALEJOChemistry Instructor

College of Arts and SciencesInstitute of Natural and Applied Sciences

Chemistry as the CENTRAL SCIENCE

Elemental Composition of the Earth’s Crust and the Human Body

Earth’s Crust Human Body

Oxygen 46.1% Oxygen 61%

Silicon 28.2% Carbon 23%

Aluminum 8.2% Hydrogen 10%

Iron 5.6% Nitrogen 2.6%

Calcium 4.1% Calcium 1.4%

Sodium 2.4% Phosphorus 1.1%

Magnesium 2.3% Sulfur 0.20%

Potassium 2.1% Potassium 0.20%

Titanium 0.57% Sodium 0.14%

Hydrogen 0.14% Chlorine 0.12%

Chemistry

• The study of matter – its nature, properties, and transformation. (McMurry and Castellion 2003)

• The study of the composition, structure, properties, and interactions of matter. (Encarta, 2009)

• The study of matter and the changes that it undergoes. Redmore

• The study of the materials that make up the universe and changes these materials undergo. Chang.

Important Terms

• Matter – the physical material that makes up the universe; anything that has mass and occupies space.

• Property – a characteristic useful for identifying a substance or object.

• Physical change – a change that does not affect the chemical make up of a substance or object.

• Chemical change – a change in the chemical makeup of a substance.

Important Terms

• Solid – a substance that has definite shape and volume.

• Liquid – a substance that has definite volume but that changes shape to fill its container.

• Gas – a substance that has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape.

• Pure substance – a substance that has a uniform chemical composition throughout.

Important Terms

• Mixture – a blend of two or more substances, each of which retains its chemical identity.

• Compound – a pure substance that can be broken down into a simpler substances by chemical reactions.

• Reactant – a starting substance that undergoes change during a chemical reaction.

• Product – a substance formed as the result of the chemical reaction.

Important Terms

• Chemical reaction – a process in which the identity and composition of one or more substances are changed.

• Element – a fundamental substance that can’t be broken down into any simpler substance.

• Chemical formula – a notation for a chemical compound using element symbols and subscripts to show how many atoms of each element are present.

• Periodic table – a tabular format listing all known elements.

Important Terms

• Metal – a malleable element with a lustrous appearance that is good conductor of heat and electricity.

• Nonmetal – an element that is poor conductor of heat and electricity.

• Metalloid – an element whose properties are intermediate between those of a metal and nonmetal.

Phase Changes

Chemical Reaction

ELEMENTS• An element is a fundamental substance that

cannot be broken down into simpler substances even by chemical means.

• All known substances on Earth and probably the universe are formed by combinations of more than 100 elements.

• Each element has a name, symbol and atomic number.

Classification of Elements•Metals • Nonmetals•Metalloids

Metals – Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.– Metals have high luster (they are shiny).– Metals are solid at room temperature. Mercury is an exception. At room

temperature it is a liquid.– Metals are ductile (they can be drawn into wires).– Metals have high densities.– Many metals readily combine with nonmetals to form ionic compounds. – A few of the less reactive metals such as copper, silver and gold are

found in the free state.– Metals can mix with each other to form alloys.– Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc.– Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.– Steel is a mixture of carbon and iron.

Nonmetals

• Lack luster (they are dull• Have relatively low melting points.• Have low densities. • Poor conductors of heat and

electricity.

Metalloids

• Metalloids have properties that are intermediate between metals and nonmetals.

Number of Letters in the Symbol

• One letter only• Two letters (First letter capitalized,

next letter lower case)• Three letters, why?

Three letter symbols

• 1960s• Rutherfordium• Kurchatovium

Elements’ Symbols and its Origin

• Latin Names NAME SYMBOL LATIN NAME

Sodium Na Natrium

Potassium K Kalium

Iron Fe Ferrum

Copper Cu Cuprum

Silver Ag Argentum

Gold Au Aurum

Mercury Hg Hydrargyrum

Lead Pb Plumbum

Antimony Sb Stibium

Elements’ Symbols and its Origin• Name of Scientist

• Name of Place

NAME SYMBOL Scientist Name

Mendelevium Md Dmitri Mendeleev

Nobelium No Alfred Nobel

Einsteinium Es Albert Einsntein

Curium Cm Pierre And Marie Curie

Gadolinium Gd John Gadolin

NAME SYMBOL Name of Place

Americium Am America

Francium Fr France

Ytterbium Yb Ytterby in Sweden

Polonium Po Poland

Elements’ Symbols and its Origin• Name of Planet

• Name of Greek Mythology Character

NAME SYMBOL Name of Planet

Uranium U Uranus

Neptunium Np Neptune

Plutonium Pu Pluto

Palladium Pd Pallas, asteroid

NAME SYMBOL Name of Character

Niobium Nb Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus

Tantalum Ta Tantalus, king of Lydia and son of Zeus

Thorium Th Thor, the god of thunder

Elements’ Symbols and its Origin• Greek Name

• Name of Color

NAME SYMBOL Greek Name

Molybdenum Mo molybdos, meaning lead

Neodymium Nd neos + didymos, “new twin”

Praseodymium Pr prasios didymos mean “green twin

Lanthanum La lanthanein, “to escape notice

Rhodium Rh rhodon, “rose”

NAME SYMBOL Color Name

Indium In Indigo

Iodine I purple

Elements and the Periodic Table

Elements Essential for Human LifeElement Symbol Function

Carbon CThese four elements are present in all living organisms.Hydrogen H

Oxygen O

Nitrogen N

Arsenic As May affect cell growth and heart function

Boron B Aids in the use of Ca, P, and Mg

Calcium Ca Necessary for growth of teeth and bones

Chlorine Cl Necessary for maintaining salt balance in the body fluids

Chromium Cr Aids in carbohydrate metaboliism

Cobalt Co Component in vitamin B12

Copper Cu Necessary to maintain blood chemistry

Fluorine F Aids in the development of teeth and bones

Iodine I Necessary for thyroid function

Element Symbol Function

Iron Fe Necessary for oxygen-carrying ability of blood

Magnesium Mg Necessary for bones, teeth and muscle and nerve action

Manganese Mn Necessary for carbohydrate metabolism and bone formation

Molybdenum Mo Component of enzymes necessary for metabolism

Nickel Ni Aids in the use Fe and Cu

Phosphorus P Necessary for growth of bones and teeth; resent in DNA and RNA

Potassium K Component of the body fluids; necessary for nerve action

Selenium Se Aids in vitamin E action and fat metabolism

Silicon Si Helps from connective tissue and bone

Sodium Na Component of body fluids; necessary for nerve and muscle action

Sulfur S Component of proteins; necessary for blood clotting

Zinc Zn Necessary for growth, healing and overall health

Elements Essential for Human Life

Summary Questions

1. What is matter?2. How matter is classified?3. What kinds of properties does matter have?4. How are chemical elements are represented?

Quiz1. Define chemistry?2-3. What are the two major classifications of matter?For item 4-5, determine the following examples whether it is an example of physical

or chemical change.4. Milk souring5. Steam condensing6. Which of the following elements is an example of a metalloids: Co, B, Zn, Li?7. Which of the following elements is originated from its Latin name: Co, Cu, Cd, Cl?8. Which of the following elements is originated from the name of a planet of a

heavenly bodies: Pr, Pt, Pa, Pu?9. Which of the following elements is necessary for blood clotting: P, F, B, S?10. Which of the following is not an example of a mixture: seawater, water,

mayonnaise, halo-halo?