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Plant Growth Regulators and Plant Growth Regulators and Their Role in Crop Their Role in Crop
ImprovementImprovement
Submitted to : Dr. K.P. SinghSubmitted to : Dr. K.P. Singh
By: Amaninder Deep Singh A-2013-40-10
1
Contents
• Introduction
• Types of hormones
• Phytohormones
• Case studies
• Conclusion
2
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORSPLANT GROWTH REGULATORS(PLANT HORMONES)(PLANT HORMONES)
Internal and external signals that regulate plant growth are mediated, at least in part, by plant growth-regulating substances, or hormones (from the Greek word hormaein, meaning "to excite").
Plant hormones differ from animal hormones in that:
No evidence that the fundamental actions of plant and animal hormones are the same.
Unlike animal hormones, plant hormones are not made in tissues specialized for hormone production. (e.g., sex hormones made in the gonads, human growth hormone - pituitary gland)
Unlike animal hormones, plant hormones do not have definite target areas (e.g., auxins can stimulate adventitious root development in a cut shoot, or shoot elongation or apical dominance, or differentiation of vascular tissue, etc.).
3
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORSPLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ARE NECESSARY FOR, BUT DO NOT CONTROL, MANY ASPECTS OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. - BETTER NAME IS GROWTH REGULATOR.
THE EFFECT ON PLANT PHYSIOLOGY IS DEPENDENT
ON THE AMOUNT OF HORMONE PRESENT AND TISSUE SENSITIVITY TO THE PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR
substances produced in small quantities by a plant, and then transported elsewhere for use
have capacity to stimulate and/or inhibit physiological processes
at least five major plant hormones or plant growth regulators:auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acidauxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acid
4
General plant hormonesGeneral plant hormones AuxinsAuxins (cell elongation)
GibberellinsGibberellins (cell elongation + cell division - translated into growth)
CytokininsCytokinins (cell division + inhibits senescence)
Abscisic acidAbscisic acid (abscission of leaves and fruits + dormancy induction of buds andseeds)
EthyleneEthylene (promotes senescence, epinasty, and fruit ripening)
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Plant hormone class, associated function and practical uses
7
Some of plant growth regulators used in agriculture
7
8
Source: http://www.nda.agric.za/act36/AR/PGRs.htm
9
EARLY EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTROPISM SHOWED EARLY EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTROPISM SHOWED THAT A STIMULUS (LIGHT) RELEASED CHEMICALS THAT A STIMULUS (LIGHT) RELEASED CHEMICALS THAT INFLUENCED GROWTHTHAT INFLUENCED GROWTH
Results on growth of coleoptiles of canary grass and Results on growth of coleoptiles of canary grass and oats suggested that the reception of light in the tip of oats suggested that the reception of light in the tip of the shoot stimulated a bending toward light source.the shoot stimulated a bending toward light source. 10
AuxinAuxin• Auxin increases the plasticity of plant cell walls and is involved in
stem elongation.• Arpad Paál (1919) - Asymmetrical placement of cut tips on
coleoptiles resulted in a bending of the coleoptile away from the side onto which the tips were placed (response mimicked the response seen in phototropism).
• Frits Went (1926) determined auxin enhanced cell elongation.
11
Demonstration of transported chemicalDemonstration of transported chemical
12
AuxinAuxin
Discovered as substance associated with phototropic response.
Occurs in very low concentrations.Isolated from human urine, (40mg 33
gals-1)In coleoptiles (1g 20,000 tons-1)
Differential response depending on dose.
13
AuxinsAuxins
14
AuxinAuxin
• Auxin promotes activity of the vascular cambium and vascular tissues.– plays key role in fruit development
• Cell Elongation: Acid growth hypothesisCell Elongation: Acid growth hypothesis– auxin works by causing responsive cells
to actively transport hydrogen ions from the cytoplasm into the cell wall space
15
Loosening of cell wallLoosening of cell wall
16
Signal-transduction Signal-transduction pathways in plantspathways in plants
Auxin interacts with calcium ions which in turn calmodulin, a protein, which regulates many processes in plants, animals, and microbes. 17
Polar transport of AuxinPolar transport of Auxin
18
Auxin
• Synthetic auxins widely used in agriculture and horticulture
prevent leaf abscissionprevent fruit droppromote flowering and fruitingcontrol weeds
Agent Orange - 1:1 ratio of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T used to defoliate trees in Vietnam War.
Dioxin usually contaminates 2,4,5-T, which is linked to miscarriages, birth defects,leukemia, and other types of cancer.
19
Additional responses to Additional responses to auxinauxin
parthenocarpyflower initiationsex determinationfruit developmentapical dominancerooting
20
Apical Dominance
Lateral branch growth are inhibited near the shoot apex, but less so farther from the tip.
Apical dominance is disrupted in some plants by removing the shoot tip, causing the plant to become bushy.
21
7-day-old sunflower seedlings treated with IAA (right). Untreated control (left)7-day-old sunflower seedlings treated with IAA (right). Untreated control (left)
Kurepin.2013. Prairie Soils & Crops Journal. 6: 7-23 22
GibberellinGibberellin
23
Discovered in association with In 1930's, Discovered in association with In 1930's, bakanae or foolish seedling disease of bakanae or foolish seedling disease of
rice (rice (Gibberella fujikuroi)Gibberella fujikuroi)• In 1930's, Ewiti Kurosawa and
colleagues were studying plants suffering from bakanae, or "foolish seedling" disease in rice.
• Disease caused by fungus called,
Gibberella fujikuroi, which was stimulating cell elongation and division.
• Compound secreted by fungus could cause bakanae disease in uninfected plants. Kurosawa named this compound gibberellin.
– Gibberella fujikuroi also causes stalk rot in corn, sorghum and other plants.
– Secondary metabolites produced by the fungus include mycotoxins, like fumonisin, which when ingested by horses can cause equine leukoencephalomalacia - necrotic brain or crazy horse or hole in the head disease.
– Fumonisin is considered to be a carcinogen.
24
Gibberellins
• Gibberellins are named after the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi which causes rice plants to grow abnormally tall.– synthesized in apical portions of stems
and roots– important effects on stem elongation
25
Effects of GibberellinsEffects of Gibberellins
• Cell elongation.• GA induces cellular division and cellular elongation; auxin
induces cellular elongation alone. • GA-stimulated elongation does not involve the cell wall
acidification characteristic of auxin-induced elongation• Breaking of dormancy in buds and seeds.• Seed Germination - Especially in cereal grasses, like
barley. Not necessarily as critical in dicot seeds.
• Promotion of flowering.• Transport is non-polar, bidirectional producing general
responses.
26
Gibberellins and Fruit Size
• Fruit Formation - "Thompson Seedless" grapes grown in California are treated with GA to increase size and decrease packing.
27
Wild Radish – Rosette & BoltWild Radish – Rosette & Bolt
YEAR ONEYEAR ONE YEAR ONEYEAR ONE
A FLOWERING ANNUALA FLOWERING ANNUAL
28
Common Mullen – Rosette & Common Mullen – Rosette & BoltBolt
YEAR ONEYEAR ONE
YEAR TWOYEAR TWO
A FLOWERING BIENNIALA FLOWERING BIENNIAL
29
5-day-old seedlings of sunflower treated with GA3 (left). Untreated controls (right)5-day-old seedlings of sunflower treated with GA3 (left). Untreated controls (right)
Kurepin.2013. Prairie Soils & Crops Journal. 6: 7-23 30
Mobilization of reservesMobilization of reserves
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Abscisic acidAbscisic acid
In 1940s, scientists started searching for hormones that would inhibit growth
and development, what Hemberg called dormins.
In the early 1960s, Philip Wareing confirmed that application of a dormin to a
bud would induce dormancy.
F.T. Addicott discovered that this substance stimulated abscission of cotton
fruit. he named this substance abscisin. (Subsequent research showed that
ethylene and not abscisin controls abscission).
Abscisin is made from carotenoids and moves nonpolarly through plant
tissue. 42
Functions of abscisic acidFunctions of abscisic acid
General growth inhibitor.
Causes stomatal closure.
Produced in response to stress.
43
Abscisic Acid
• Abscisic acid is produced chiefly in mature green leaves and in fruits.– suppresses bud growth and promotes
leaf senescence– also plays important role in controlling
stomatal opening and closing
44
EthyleneEthylene
H H \ / C = C / \ H H
45
Discovery of ethyleneDiscovery of ethylene In the 1800s, it was recognized that street lights that burned
gas, could cause neighboring plants to develop short, thick stems and cause the leaves to fall off. In 1901, Dimitry Neljubow identified that a byproduct of gas combustion was ethylene gas and that this gas could affect plant growth.
In R. Gane showed that this same gas was naturally produced by plants and that it caused faster ripening of many fruits.
Synthesis of ethylene is inhibited by carbon dioxide and requires oxygen.
46
Functions of ethyleneFunctions of ethylene Gaseous in form and rapidly diffusing.
Gas produced by one plant will affect nearby plants.
Fruit ripening.
Epinasty – downward curvature of leaves.
Encourages senescence and abscission.
Initiation of stem elongation and bud development. Flowering - Ethylene inhibits flowering in most species, but
promotes it in a few plants such as pineapple, bromeliads, and mango.
Sex Expression - Cucumber buds treated with ethylene become carpellate (female) flowers, whereas those treated with gibberellins become staminate (male) flowers.
47
Source: http://www.nda.agric.za/act36/AR/PGRs.htm48
Source: http://www.nda.agric.za/act36/AR/PGRs.htm
49
Actions of BRs in Regulating Plant Development and Traits of Agronomic Importance in Model Plant Species and Crops
Vriet et al. 2012 The Plant Cell, Vol. 24: 842–85750
51
Effect of plant Effect of plant growth regulators in growth regulators in
Various CropsVarious Crops
52
Influence of growth promoters on yield and yield attributes of
mungbeanTreatments Plant
Height(cm)
No. of Flowers perplant
No. of pods per
plant
No. of seeds
per Pod
Seed index
(g)
Seed yield
(kg ha-
1)
Putrecine @20 ppm 55.8 64.8 47.6 11.8 4.11 1176
Spermine @20 ppm 55.2 64.3 47.1 11.9 4.12 1154
Spermidine@ 20 ppm
50.4 55.8 38.3 11.7 4.12 986
Cadavarine @20 ppm
50.9 56.0 35.1 11.7 4.12 1001
Salicylic acid @400 ppm
50.9 56.6 35.9 11.7 4.12 993
Water spray 42.3 49.8 27.0 10.9 4.12 859
Control 42.1 49.5 27.0 10.8 4.11 830
Thavaprakash et al. (2006), Tamilnadu Legume Res 29: 18-2453
Effect of GA3 on yield and yield parameters of mungbean
TreatmentsNo. of
Pods perplant
No. of seeds
Per pod
1000seed
wt. (g)
Seedyield
(kg ha-1)
Harvestindex
(%)
Control18.28a
6.47ab 29.10b 476.16c 35.73c
50 ppm 12.78b 6.90ab 31.46a 612.07a 39.43b
100 ppm 18.39a 7.11a 29.69b 574.27b 42.79a
200 ppm 14.33b 5.89b 26.93c 582.37b 36.80c
Hoque and Haque (2002), Pakistan Pak J Bio Sci 5: 281-8354
Effect of IAA on yield of mungbean
TreatmentsNo. of
seeds per pod
Seed yield per plant
(g)
1000 seed weight (g)
Pod length (cm)
Seed yield (t ha-1)
Control 9.01c 5.99ab 26.98 5.48 1.10b
300 ppm 10.40b 6.39ab 28.39 5.53 1.19a
600 ppm 12.45a 6.67a 29.23 5.61 1.20a
900 ppm 7.82d 5.89b 26.16 5.18 1.04b
Newaj et al (2002) Mymensingh, Bangladesh Pak J Biol Sci 5: 897-99 55
Effect of plant growth regulators on yield and yield attributes on soybean
Treatments No. of flowers
per plant
No. ofpods per
plant
No. of seeds per
pod
100-seed weight
(g)
Seed yield (t
ha-1)
Control 52.44a 35.09c 1.86b 14.68b 1.68c
MH @100 ppm
54.33a 41.83b 2.11a 15.13b 2.07a
MH @200 ppm
52.66a 37.41c 2.15a 15.00b 1.94b
GA3 @100 ppm
55.65a 44.38a 2.19a 15.92a 2.25a
GA3 @200 ppm
55.38a 43.16ab 2.13a 15.19b 2.16a
Rahman et al (2004), BangladeshAsian J Pl Sci 3: 602-09
56
MH= Maleic hydrazide GA3 = Gibberellic acid
Effect of bioregulators on yield components of soybean (average for
three years)
TreatmentsPods per
plantSeeds per
pod100 seed weight (g)
Seed yield (t ha-1)
Control 242.13 10.43 1.07
SA@50 ppm 52 2.45 11.73 1.51
Ethrel@200 ppm
57 2.52 12.44 1.75
Cycocel@500 ppm
35 2.53 11.28 1.23
Devi et al (2011), Manipur J Agric Sci 3: 134-39
57
Effect of growth regulators on yield and yield attributes of cowpea
Treatments Number of pods per plant
Seeds per pod 1000 seed weight (g)
Seed yield (kg ha-1)
Harvest index (%)
Control 9.62 10.24 114 1216 27.03
KNap@750 ppm 9.71 10.45 115 1232 28.08
KNap@1000 ppm
10.29 10.61 117 1349 30.74
KNap@1250 ppm
11.98 10.61 122 1630 37.32
KNap@1500 ppm
11.11 10.11 119 1395 32.17
KNap@1750 ppm
10.52 10.01 113 1238 28.64
KNap@2000 ppm
10.01 9.92 113 1173 27.00
NAA@10 ppm 9.92 10.24 114 1223 27.87
NAA@30 ppm 10.02 10.35 117 1277 29.20
NAA@50 ppm 11.95 10.60 119 1600 36.28
NAA@70 ppm 8.57 10.21 114 1050 24.01
NAA@90 ppm 5.47 9.50 100 548 12.51
NAA@110 ppm 3.62 7.36 90 250 5.77
Ullah et al (2007), Bangladesh J Bot 36: 27-32
58KNap = potassium naththenate app.
Effect of ethrel on yield and yield parameters of chickpea
Treatments Total biomass
(g m-2)
100 seed weight
(g)
Seed yield
(g m-2 )
Harvest index
(%)
Control 702 12.46 214 30.51
Ethrel @ 250 ppm
732 12.43 217 29.78
Ethrel @ 500 ppm
669 13.21 187 26.49
Ethrel @ 1000 ppm
612 13.56 154 24.24
Applied at 65 DAS
726 11.62 223.5 30.85
Applied at 94 DAS
724 13.36 215.75 29.74
Applied at 125 DAS
586 13.76 139.5 22.67
Saxsena et al (2007), New Delhi Indian J Pl Physiol 12: 162-67 59
Interaction effect of ethrel on yield and yield parameters of
chickpea
Treatments
Total biomass (g m-2 ) Seed yield (g m-2)
Applied at 65 DAS
Applied at 94 DAS
Applied at 125 DAS
Applied at 65 DAS
Applied at 94 DAS
Applied at 125 DAS
Control 695 707 703 212 214 215
Ethrel @ 250 ppm
795 745 657 235 245 171
Ethrel @ 500 ppm
765 743 500 243 218 101
Ethrel @ 1000 ppm
650 700 486 204 186 71
Saxsena et al (2007), New Delhi Indian J Pl Physiol 12: 162-6760
Effect of GA3 on yield and yield contributing characters of soybean
Treatments
Number of
flowers per plant
Number of pods
per plant
Percentage of fruit
set
Number of seeds per pod
100 seed weight (g)
Seed yield (t
ha-1)
Control 16.78c 12.67b 64.06c 26.56c 6.41b 0.67c
100 ppm 35.44a 26.00a 77.64a 54.22a 10.76a 2.34a
200 ppm 29.78b 22.00a 71.33b 46.78a 9.68a 1.83b
Sarkar et al (2002), Bangladesh Pak J Agron 4: 119-2261
Effect of IAA on yield and yield contributing characters of soybean
Treatments
Number of
flowers per plant
Number of pods
per plant
Percentage of fruit
set
Number of
seeds per
pod
100 seed
weight (g)
Seed yield (t
ha-1)
Control 16.78b 12.67b 64.06b 26.56b 6.41b 0.67b
100 ppm 24.67a 19.11a 71.97a 39.67a 8.82a 1.42a
200 ppm 22.00a 16.78ab 69.50a 36.44a 8.94a 1.32a
Sarkar et al (2002), Bangladesh Pak j Agron 4: 119-2262
Effect of gibberellic acid on growth and yield attributes of pea
Treatments No. of
flowers per plant
No. of pods per plant
Seed yield (q ha-1)
Seed index (g)
0 ppm 17.25 17.20 11.77 21.64
10 ppm 17.38 17.33 12.32 21.76
100 ppm 19.41 19.37 13.29 22.51
250 ppm 21.83 21.73 13.79 23.05
500 ppm 17.96 17.92 11.97 22.29
1000 ppm 16.70 16.65 11.78 20.79
Bora and Sarma (2006), Assam Asian J Pl Sci 5:324-3063
Effect of cycocel on growth and yield attributes of pea
Treatments
No. of flowers per plant
No. of pods per plant
Seed yield (q ha-1)
Seed index (g)
0 ppm 17.25 17.20 11.76 21.85
10 ppm 17.33 17.27 12.31 22.06
100 ppm 19.32 19.26 13.19 23.01
250 ppm 22.07 22.02 14.15 23.41
500 ppm 20.94 20.88 12.56 23.14
1000 ppm 17.23 17.11 11.47 22.68
Bora and Sarma (2006), Assam Asian J Pl Sci 5:324-30 64
Yield and yield parameters of blackgram as influenced by PGRs
Treatments Plant heigh
t(cm)
No. ofbranch
es
DMA(g plant-
1)
No. of
Pods
perplan
t
No. of
Seeds per plant
Seed yield (kg ha-
1)
NAA @40 ppm 30.1 2.3 23.9 15.9 7.94 871
Salicylic acid @125 ppm
27.3 2.1 21.6 15.1 7.50 855
Mepiquat chloride @125 ppm
25.4 2.3 19.6 15.7 7.82 869
Brassinolide @0.1 ppm 29.5 2.2 27.9 16.8 8.25 883
Triacontanol @100 ppm 26.8 2.1 22.0 15.0 7.54 859
Water spray 26.2 1.8 18.7 13.7 6.75 833
Control 26.0 1.8 18.0 13.4 6.74 793
Jeyakumar et al (2008), Tamilnadu Legume Res 31: 110-1365
Effect of PGRs on growth and yield parameters of chickpea
Treatments Plant height(cm)
No. ofBranches
No. ofPods per
plant
Pod weight perplant
(g)
Seeds per
pod
100-Seed
weight (g)
Seed yield(q ha-
1)
NAA @ 50 ppm
47.47 26.13 46.76 19.19 1.56 24.48 29.91
Triacontanol @ 1 ml L-1
45.46 24.64 43.34 17.84 1.54 23.57 27.80
Panchagavya (3%)
41.54 22.97 40.29 16.85 1.46 22.14 26.14
Water spray (control)
38.50 21.36 35.26 15.84 1.38 21.32 24.68
Gnyandev (2009), Karnataka Ph D thesis 66
Effect of growth regulators on seed production of persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.)
Growth regulators
Number of heads feet-2 Seed yield (q ha-1 )
Volume weight of seed (g)
1996-97 1997-98 1996-97 1997-98 1996-97 1997-98
MH@ 100 ppm 255 250 5.91 5.86 214 219
MH @ 150 ppm 253 251 5.83 5.88 218 220
MH@ 200 ppm 257 253 5.91 5.89 219 221
GA @20ppm 250 252 5.82 5.39 216 218
GA @30 ppm 263 259 5.96 5.52 223 223
GA @ 40 ppm 273 270 5.97 5.91 226 230
SA @ 200 ppm 259 261 5.93 6.09 220 221
SA @ 400 ppm 265 263 5.96 6.34 222 226
SA @ 600 ppm 278 274 6.28 6.44 228 231
Water spray 237 241 5.23 5.37 211 214
Control 234 237 5.10 5.24 207 211
Kang (1999), Punjab Ph D Thesis 67
Effect of different bioregulators on forage cowpea average over two years
Bioregulators Biological yield (q
ha-1)
Pod yield (q ha-1)
Grain yield (q ha-1 )
Control 83.1d 15.7d 11.6d
Sodium benzoate @ 100 μg ml-1
96.5c 17.3c 13.1c
Sodium benzoate @ 150 μg ml-1
100.3bc 18.1bc 13.8bc
Salicylic acid @ 50 μg ml-1
112.0a 20.8a 15.5a
Salicylic acid @ 100 μg ml-1
105.9ab 19.0b 14.2b
CaCl2 (0.5%) 104.2b 18.5c 13.9bc
CaCl2 (1.0%) 106.0ab 19.4ab 14.7abc
KNO3(1.0%) 103.6bc 19.0b 13.9b
KNO3(2.0%) 107.3 19.6ab 14.8ab
Kumar et al. (2014), Punjab Int J Agric Biol 16: 759-6568
Effect of Succinic acid application on seed yield of Egyptian clover
Treatments Number of effective
heads per m2
Number of seeds per
head
Volume weight of seeds (g)
Seed yield (q
ha-1)
Straw yield (q
ha-1)
500 ppm 400.3 63.9 193.3 7.00 42.3
600 ppm 444.0 68.3 198.0 7.41 43.6
700 ppm 424.4 67.0 195.4 7.05 42.8
Gulati (2005), Punjab M Sc thesis 69
Effect of PGRs on yield and yield parameters of Egyptian clover
Treatments Green fodder yield (t ha-1)
Tillers per plant
Heads per m2
Seeds per head
1000 seed weight (g)
Seed yield (Kg
ha-1)
Harvest index (%)
Control 70.9 6.61 318.5 40.6 2.29 643 16.9
Sodium benzoate @ 100 mg L-1
70.7 7.12 334.1 45.8 2.47 729 17.3
Sodium benzoate @ 150 mg L-1
71.4 7.04 346.3 49.7 2.56 761 18.1
SA @ 50 mg L-1 71.0 7.54 370.3 53.1 2.76 852 18.4
SA @ 100 mg L-1 71.5 7.19 354.6 47.2 2.42 777 18.4
CaCl2 (0.5%) 70.8 6.97 350.5 47.7 2.40 768 18.2
CaCl2 (1.0%) 71.7 7.12 355.4 48.4 2.55 798 18.6
KNO3(1.0%) 70.4 7.01 358.1 48.1 2.47 784 18.3
KNO3(2.0%) 72.0 7.12 364.1 49.7 2.60 819 19.3
NAA @ 25 mg L-1 71.4 7.02 352.6 46.9 2.53 763 18.0
Kumar et al (2014), Punjab Field crop Res 146: 25-3070
Effect of different levels of post-harvest treatments of chemical and plantgrowth regulators on shelf life, days taken to ripening and fruit firmness of
sapota fruits cv. Kalipatti
Effect of different levels of post-harvest treatments of chemical and plantgrowth regulators on shelf life, days taken to ripening and fruit firmness of
sapota fruits cv. Kalipatti
Tsomu and Patel 2014 J Food Process Technol 5: 1-3
71
Effect of different levels of post-harvest treatments of chemical and growth regulators on spoilage of
sapota fruits cv. Kalipatti
Effect of different levels of post-harvest treatments of chemical and growth regulators on spoilage of
sapota fruits cv. Kalipatti
Tsomu and Patel 2014 J Food Process Technol 5: 1-3
72
Effect of plant growth regulators and natural supplements on in vitro morphogenesis of Pogostemon cablin Benth. (A) Initiation of shoots on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA. (B) Callus formation on MS + 0.1 mg L-1 BA. (C) Shoot multiplication on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA and 0.5 mg L-1 KN. (D) Shoot multiplication on MS + 10% coconut water. € Rooting
of shoots on MS (½) + activated charcoal (100 mg L-1). (F) Directly acclimatized plantlet in the soil. (G) In vitro-grown plant in the field.
Effect of plant growth regulators and natural supplements on in vitro morphogenesis of Pogostemon cablin Benth. (A) Initiation of shoots on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA. (B) Callus formation on MS + 0.1 mg L-1 BA. (C) Shoot multiplication on MS + 0.5 mg L-1 BA and 0.5 mg L-1 KN. (D) Shoot multiplication on MS + 10% coconut water. € Rooting
of shoots on MS (½) + activated charcoal (100 mg L-1). (F) Directly acclimatized plantlet in the soil. (G) In vitro-grown plant in the field.
Swamy et al. 2014 J. Crop Sci. Biotech. 17 (2) : 1-7 73
Effect of different cytokinins on shoot proliferation from nodalsegments of patchouli grown on MS medium after 30 days of
culture
Effect of different cytokinins on shoot proliferation from nodalsegments of patchouli grown on MS medium after 30 days of
culture
Swamy et al. 2014 J. Crop Sci. Biotech. 17 (2) : 1-7 74
Effect of 2, 4-D (1mg/L) on anther culture response Effect of 2, 4-D (1mg/L) on anther culture response
Kaushal 2015 Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 8 :15-26 75
76
Effect of picloram(1mg/L) on anther culture response Effect of picloram(1mg/L) on anther culture response
EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON PLANT HEIGHT IN FLORICUTURE CROPS EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON PLANT HEIGHT IN FLORICUTURE CROPS
Anonymous 2012 77
EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH IN THE PRODUCTION OF FLORICUTURE CROPS
Anonymous 2012 78
Influence of plant growth regulators on earliness, sex expression, fruit and seed yield in bitter gourd at different growth stages
Ghani et al. 2013 Pak. j. life soc. Sci.,11(3): 218-224 79
Interactive effect of plant growth regulators and growth stages on male to female flower ratio in bitter gourd
Ghani et al. 2013 Pak. j. life soc. Sci.,11(3): 218-224 80
Plant height, area of the leaves, tiller no and herb yield of C. martinii as affected by foliar spray of GA3
Effect of GA3 on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, geraniol and geranyl acetate percentage and oil biosynthesis of C. martiniiEffect of GA3 on chlorophyll content, protein content, NR, geraniol and geranyl acetate percentage and oil biosynthesis of C. martinii
Khan et al. 2015 Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 8 : 373-376 81
Analysis of growth and development (plant height, area of the leaves, tiller no and herb yield) of C. martinii in pot by foliar spraying method of IAA
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Khan et al. 2015 Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 8 : 373-376 82
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Effect of paclobutrazol, gibberellic acid and P. fluorescens on total chlorophyll contents (mg/g FW) of Catharanthus roseus on different growth stages
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The effect of various triacontanol concentrations on the chlorophyll content of leaves in the root-inducing phase of balm micropropagation
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