Approaches to environmental services research in the CGIAR - Meine van Noordwijk

Approaches to environmental services research in the CGIAR

Meine van Noordwijk

ISPC – Tuesday 31 March 2015, Bogor (Indonesia)

1. Why? What’s the giga-issue in terms of Sustainable Development Goals?

2. Ecosystem and environmental services: externalities of land-use intensification?

3. Where are environmental services in the CGIAR Strategic Results Framework?

4. Theory of place * theory of change 5. Typology of issues*place 6. Interventions in coupled socio-ecological systems 7. Issues * place * interventions 8. Who’s doing what globally 9. Who’s doing what within CGIAR, interacting globally?

9.1 Segregating rather than integrating ES concerns? 9.2 Questions to be addressed 9.3 Current effort

10. Outcome/impact perspectives on further CGIAR involvement with ES 10.1 Vision of agenda 10.2 Suggested way forward for the CGIAR

SDG 1&2: End Extreme Poverty and Hunger

SDG 1&8: Economic growth and decent jobs within plane-tary boundaries

SDG4: Effective Learning for all

SDG 5: Gender equa-lity, social Inclusion, & human rights for all SDG3: Health

and well-being at all ages SDG 1&2, 12: Improved

agricultural systems raising rural prosperity

SDG 9,11: Empo-wered inclusive, productive and resilient cities SDG 7,13: Human-in-

duced climate change curbed, sustainable energy ++

SDG 6,14,15: Biodiver-sity secured, good management of water, oceans, forests and natural resources

Credible, Salient, Legitimate science

SDG 8,10,16: Governance transformed, technologies for sustainable development ++

Monitoring, Data

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Loca

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SDG17: Means of Implemen-tation

Environmental integrity (SDG’s 1,2, 5, 6, 12, 13, 15)

Global Ag & For production SDG’s 1,2,5,7

+

-

Futures we want

Historical trajectory

‘Green revolution’

‘Envi- ronmental awareness’

Here and now

Futures we fear

Rehabilitation

of degraded

lands

Gradual loss of

‘forest func-

tions’

Time or space

Lack of voice

Low income

Food insecurity

Low access to public services

C stocks

Biodiv.(global)

Agrobiodiversity

Wshed functions

The ‘poverty *

environmental

services’ nexus

on a time-or-

space line

Different forms of ‘poverty’

Different effects on ‘environmental services’

Fore

st o

r tr

ee c

ove

r

van der Ent RJ, Savenije HHG, Schaefli B, Steele‐ Dunne SC, 2010. Origin and fate of atmospheric moisture over continents. Water Resources Research 46, W09525,

PfromEt/Et

Pfrom Et/P

40% of rain-fall is derived from land, 60% from oceans But location matters

Actual landscape

Demographic change & life-styles

Democratization power centralization

Infrastructure, transport

Energy supply & demand

Global commodity markets

Climate, variability &

change

Water

Global conven-tions, SDG’s

Biodiversity & its change

Science & technology

Actual landscape

Motivation

Who cares, who is affected by or benefits from the changes in tree cover and associated ecosystem services? How are stakeholders organized and

empowered to get leverage & influence the drivers? Are both genders empowered?

Why is land use what it is? What are the drivers of

current human activity and what are levers (regulatory framework, economic in-centives, motivation) for modifying future change?

Who makes a living here, what is ethnic identity,

historical origin, migrational history, claims to land use rights, role in main value

chains, what are key power relations? Gender specificity of

all the above?

So what? How do ecosystem services (provisioning,

regulating, cultural/ religious, supporting) depend on tree

cover and the spatial organization of the landscape? Gender specificity of appre-ciation and dissatisfaction?

How are forests and trees used? What land use pat-terns with or without trees are prominent in the land-scape and provide the basis

for local lives and liveli-hoods? What value chains are

based on these land uses?

Where are remaining forests and planted trees? Since

when? How does tree cover vary in the landscape (pat-terns along a typical cross-

section, main gradients), and how has it decreased and

increased over time?

lSocio-ecological system dynamics

Institutions, identity,

pride

Drivers

B1. Incentive structure through policy change (tax, subsidy etc)

A2. LU rights (e.g. community forest mngmnt)

B2. PES and conditional ES incentives

Response/ feedback options

Biodiversity, Watershed functions, GHG emissions,

Landscape beauty

Actors/ agents

Land use/cover changes

Conse-quences & functions

Livelihoods, provisioning & profitability

A1. Land use policies, spatial development planning, roads

Modified from: Van Noordwijk, M., B. Lusiana, G. Villamor, H. Purnomo, and S. Dewi. 2011. Feedback loops added to four conceptual models linking land change with driving forces and actors. Ecology and Society 16(1): r1. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/resp1/

C. Suasion and institutional support

G

G G

G

G

G = Potential gender specificity of analysis & targeting of interventions

Mo

net

ary

fun

gib

ility

5 scales of economics

Individual & household decisions on scarce resources

National scale decisions on scarce resources

Environmental economics: inter-nalizing externalities of individual decisions for common goods

Ecological economics: planetary boundaries put hard constraints

Behavioural economics: really internalizing externalities at emotional core of decision making

Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 37, 389-420

Marketable goods & services

People (land users)

Land is used by people to satisfy their own needs within emerging local institutions, but once they find external markets for products and services, this feeds back to their land use decisions

Physical security, shelter

Food & water security

Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization


People are complex entities… Their decisions are influenced by many aspects of a ‘well-being’ or Maslow pyramid, representing their ‘basic needs’, their social relations within evolving local institutions, and human capital.


Influence & lateral flows

Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography

Externality of decision making

People elsewhere including neigh-bours and ‘tele-connections’

Land use, however, has environmental effects that affect the land users directly, but also impact on people elsewhere



Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization

Suppor

ting

E

volu

tion

ary




Reg

ula

tory

Cultura

l

Pro

vision

ing

Ecosystem services*

* Environmental Services (ES) equals ecosystem services (ES*) minus market-based provisioning

People elsewhere including neigh-bours and ‘tele-connections’

The terminology of ecosystem and environmental services reflect these impacts on others, as externalities of LU decision making




Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization

Suppor

ting

E

volu

tion

ary




Reg

ula

tory

Cultura

l

Pro

vision

ing

Ecosystem services*


The various ES affect people at all levels of their well-being pyramid. To deal with negative effects of declining ES, they have 6 options:

Externality of decision making’



Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization



Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization

Option 1: move to a clean place elsewhere

Suppor

ting

E

volu

tion

ary




Reg

ula

tory

Cultura

l

Pro

vision

ing

Human history is full of shifting loci of culture, but now there’s nowhere left to go; global impacts affect any place on this planet




Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization



Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization

Option 2: forbid pollution, regulate land use

Suppor

ting

E

volu

tion

ary




Reg

ula

tory

Cultura

l

Pro

vision

ing

This option depends on power relation and may require strong enforcement; it breaks down under more democratic governance




Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization



Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization

Option 3: engineer to reduce ES dependence

Suppor

ting

E

volu

tion

ary




Reg

ula

tory

Cultura

l

Pro

vision

ing

Engineering

Engineering can help with e.g. water and water-related issues (floods, landslides), but tends to be high-cost and rigid (sunk costs)




Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization



Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization

Option 4: payments for environmental services Marketable

goods & services

People (land users)

PES (payment for environmental services)

Bu

yers

Selle

rs

ES metric



People elsewhere including neighbours and ‘teleconnections’

Income Income

PES emerged as a ‘simple’ solution to financially intenalize externalities



Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization



Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization

But, the PES reality is more complex…

Suppor

ting

E

volu

tion

ary




Reg

ula

tory

Cultura

l

Pro

vision

ing

Engineering

Ecosystem services*


PES (payment for environmental services)

Bu

yers

‘Sel

lers

’

Intermediaries

ES metric


Option 5: boycott products without certification

Suppor

ting

E

volu

tion

ary




Reg

ula

tory

Cultura

l

Pro

vision

ing


Boycotts help to increase awareness and can lead to ‘ecocertification’ as response, but this may have high transaction costs for all




Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization



Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization

Option 6: Link the institutions and identities

Suppor

ting

E

volu

tion

ary




Reg

ula

tory

Cultura

l

Pro

vision

ing


Creating a shared sense of identity, moral standards of acceptable behaviours can internalize externalities of LU decisionmaking




Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization



Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization



Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization



Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID Identity, self-

realization

Suppor

ting

E

volu

tion

ary




Reg

ula

tory

Cultura

l

Pro

vision

ing

Engineering


Fairnes

s per

ception

Efficie

ncy

Green accounting

Fairness & efficiency


Access, LU regulation Payments, rewards, incentives, tax Respect, recognition, suasion

Natural capital and ES monitoring

Three PES-related paradigms • Commodification of

environmental services

A. packages of ES become tradable commodities,

B. ecocertification of existing commodities;

• Compensation for foregone ES-unfriendly but legal opportunities;

• Coinvestment in environ-mental stewardship.

Efficient Fair Efficient Fairly efficient Efficiently fair Fair



Health

Income

Entreprise

Social relations

ID SDG4 (Continuous learning), SDG5 (Gender, social inclusion)

SDG8 (Employment, decent jobs)

SDG810 (Less inequality),SDG16 (Accountability),SDG17 (Partnership)

SDG1 (End poverty)

SDG3 (Health), SDG12 (consumption), SDG15(conservation)

SDG2 (Food), SDG6 (Water), SDG7(Energy), SDG14 (Oceans)

SDG9 (Infrastructure), SDG11 (Cities), SDG13 (Climate change)

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) address all levels of a ‘human well-being’ or Maslow pyramid*

* The specific formulation of many SDG’s makes clear that they typically involve more than one level, e.g. Gender includes physical security

N

F+I

H+S 1

2

3

4

5

6

Economic sectors and their functio-ning and change (incl. indirect ecosystem service effects)

Ecosystem requirements for economic sectors

Economic sector impacts on eco-systems (+ & -)

Human & social

wellbeing

Ecosystem functioning and change

Ecosys-tem resto-ration & care (green jobs)

Labour force and human & socially mediated ES

Ecosystem servi-ces impacting on H & S wellbeing

Human & social wellbeing derived from economy

Human ecology Economics

v

v

Nlocal

(F+I)loc

(H+S)loc 01

02

03

04

05

06

N(Sub)National

(F+I)Nat

(H+S)Nat

NGlobal

(F+I)Glob

(H+S)Glob

11

12

13

14

15

16

21

22

23

24

25

26

Land use zoning, use and property rights

Human popula-tion & Δ

Mar- ket access, tax,subs.

Management& behavioural

choices of land users

Food, fibre, income Harvestable products

Provisioning services Regulating, supporting & cultural services

Land use practices in a landscape

context

Human & environmental health&well-being

Commodity-product- ser-vice value chains, x-border trade

Waterflows (quality,quantity, regularity)

Macro-&me-so climate Biodiversity

Happiness monitoring

Economic development planning

Environmental & wellfare targeted planning

GDP, national econo-mic growth or decline

Natural ca-pital ac-counting

Sust

ain

ab

le d

evel

op

men

t m

etri

cs

AgTech

New green economy, integrated rural-urban development coalitions…

Com

mon

-den

omin

ato

r va

luation

LPFN Global Land

Project

ESP

Land use zoning, use and proper-ty rights

Human popula- tion & Δ

Mar- ket access, tax,subs.

Management& behavioural

choices of land users

Food, fibre, energy, income Harvestable products

Provisioning services Regulating, supporting & cultural services

Land use practices in a landscape context

Human & environmental health&well-being

Commodity-pro-duct- service value chains, x-border trade

Waterflows (quality,quantity, regularity)

Macro-&me-so climate

Biodiversity

Happiness monitoring

Economic development planning

Environmental & wellfare targeted planning

GDP, national economic growth or decline

Natural ca-pital ac-counting

Sust

ain

ab

le d

evel

op

men

t m

etri

cs

AgTech

New green economy, integrated rural-urban development coalitions…

Future Earth

TEEB

SEEA

UN-SDSN

WAVES

IPBES

Com

mon

-den

omin

ato

r va

luation

CGIAR

Getting the diagnosis right,

monitoring change

Understanding consequences of (in)action

Matching options * context * objectives

Negotiating, building

coalitions for change

Tools, data sets

Models

Experiments

Arguments

Capacity development,

communication

10. Data, observation methods for M&E of change

9. Recognition of consequences for ES and all SDGs of business-

as-usual land-use change from multistakeholder perspectives

8. ES-friendly land-use alternatives: technologies, new value

chains, outsourcing staples

7. Scenarios for land-use change in local context, valuation

6. Negotiation platforms to form coalitions for desirable change

5. Co-investment in environmental stewardship

4. Compensation for legal ES-unfriendly options foregone

3. Commodification of ES through ecocertification of products

2. Commodification of ES as such

1. Dynamic polycentric governance for integral SDG achievement

INC

ENTI

VES

FEED

BA

CK

LO

OP

S

Inspired by Donna Meadows’ hierachy