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Cocktail vaccine
Dr.M.Muruganandam
ISBN 978-9982-22-634-9
First Edition-2018
Author: Dr.M.Muruganandam.
Email: [email protected]
Publisher
Einsteein Bio-Engineering
Research Foundation,
South India.
Preface
New strains of pathogens are
emerging day by day in the various parts of
the globe due to over population explosion and
manmade pollutants. These harmful materials
created genetic changes in the organisms as a
result, it will produced new strains of
pathogens. It will also create big burdens to
our society. For control and management of
this disease burden, we need multidirectional
combined approach of action. Vaccine
development is one of the control measures
which is simply explain in this book to young
readers. For the preparation of these
manuscripts, I have referred many
researchers’ work, I thank all of them.
M.Muruganandam
Content
Chapter 1.Vaccine
1.1 Immunogen
1.2 Efficiency of various Immunogens
1.3 Nucleotide Immunogen
1.4 Cocktail vaccine
Chapter 2. Current status
2.1 Peptide vaccine
2.2 Virus vaccine
2.3 Staph cocktail vaccine
2.4 Parasite vaccine
2.5 Cocktail DNA vaccine
2.6 Side effects
Chapter 3 Vaccine Development
3.1 Vaccine complex
3.2 Immunogen Mix
3.3 Bio-active compounds
Chapter .4 Problems to be solved
4.1 Children’s vaccine
4.2 Elder’s vaccine
4.3 Immuno suppressed
Patient’s vaccine
4.4 Food and water bone
Disease vaccine
4.5 Stress vaccine
4.6 Public Hygiene
Worker’s vaccine
4.7 Poor people’s vaccine
4.8 Hospital worker’s vaccine
4.9 Malarial vaccine
4.10 Multi drug resistant
Pathogens vaccine.
1. Vaccine
1.1 Immunogen
Vaccines save millions of
people from various infectious Diseases.
The vaccine has many important
compounds. The immunogen are one of
the important components of the vaccine,
which are able to stimulate cell mediated
and humoral mediated immune responses
in the host. However the efficacy of
various Immunogen is vary, but different
types of Immunogens are present in
pathogens. The important immunogen are
surface proteins, Toxic proteins,
nucleotides, polysaccrides, etc.
The vaccine immunity mainly
depends on the efficacy of its
Immunogens. During vaccine preparation,
if add more types of Immunogens leads to
develop new powerful cocktail vaccine. In
these type vaccines more types of
Immunogens used to increase efficacy.
Similarly different types of best adjutants
or mixer of best adjutants are used. It also
needs to boost up the efficacy of vaccine.
This is one type of cocktail vaccine.1
Another type of cocktail
vaccine also prepare for prevent more than
one disease. Here Immunogens of the
various pathogens are mixed and vaccine
will be developed. It will be used to solve
many problems in the growing population.
The cocktail vaccine-I is best candidate to
prevent multi drug resistant pathogens.
Because it is more powerful compare to
ordinary vaccine. It has combination of
different types of best Immunogens and
best adjuvant mixer, which will increase
the efficacy of vaccines.
Cocktail vaccine-II prevent
group of disease, such as food/water borne
disease, children’s diseases, public
Hygiene worker’s, vaccine, Hospital
worker’s, stress vaccine, etc. So this type
of vaccine saves population at risk
condition.
1.2 Efficacy of Various Immunogens
Antigenic efficacy of bacterial
Immunogens is varying. The qualitative
and quantitative levels of these
Immunogens determine the efficacy
depends on many internal and external
factors. The important factors are dietary
composition (Nutritional factors)
conditions of the immune system, Amount
of specific Immunogens in vaccine,
different types of Immunogens in vaccine,
selection of adjuvant for vaccine
development, etc. However in our lab
trial, the efficacy of immunogens was
studied in bacterial pathogen, Aeromonas
hydrophila.
Aeromonas hydrophila
is a motile rod shaped bacterium. The
Aeromonas sp. are water borne
microorganism that have seen implicated
reputedly as the causative agents of
clinical illnesses of serious, ranging from
gastro -intestinal and wound infections to
septicemia .2 Bacteraemia is the most
common pathogenic manifestation of
Aeromonas. In humans its mild symptoms
include fever and chills but patients who
become septic with A.hydrophila often
exhibit abdominal pain, Nausea vomiting
and diarrhoea.
Vaccine as an antigenic
preparation used to produce active
immunity to a disease in order to prevent
the effects of infection by any natural or
wild strain of the organism. Vaccine
prepares our body for fight deadly disease
by triggering of persons immune system,
this leads to the production of immune
response that can fight to the germs. The
vaccine contains a killed or weak end
form or derivatives of the infectious
germs. But recent advances in molecular
biology have provided various methods
for producing vaccines. But still
researches are going on to find out proper
vaccine for the Aeromonas infectious
disease in the world wide. Now there is no
vaccine in Aeromonas hydrophila
infection due to its antigenic diversity. In
this study, various Immunogens are
isolated and tested their efficacy for
vaccine development against Aeromonas
hydrophila infection.
The Aeromonas
hydrophila (MTCC – 646) strain was used
for this experiment Albino rats were used
as test animal in the whole study. Albino
rats were purchased from local animal
husbandry and they were acclimatized to
the laboratory environment for a week.
They were maintained in cool dry place.
During this study, the room temperature
ranges from 26-29oC, Daily they were fed
on commercially available feed and
inspected daily.
In this study, two
experimental trials were conducted. In the
first experiment, four set of albino rats
were used each set contain three rats being
exposed to killed live attenuated and
toxoid vaccine. In the second trial
Genomic DNA, Plasmid DNA and whole
protein were used as vaccine. Saline was
used as control in both experiments. After
15 days pathogens were infected and
primary immune response were studied.
During killed vaccine
preparation approximately 1ml of nutrient
broth inclusive of Aeromonas hydrophila
was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm. for l0
minutes and the pellets were collected and
removed the supernatant then saline was
added to the pellet and it was heated in
boiling water (30 minutes) followed by
centrifugation at 10,000 rpm and the dead
cells were collected. It was serially diluted
at 10-5 with saline.
For live alternated
vaccine preparation, the cells were
isolated first from the old culture in
nutrient medium and then these were
serially diluted to 10-5 using saline. For
toxoid vaccine preparation, viable calls
were inoculated in to nutrient broth and
inoculated for 24 hours. The content was
centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes.
The supernatant was collected and serially
diluted to using saline.
During DNA vaccine
preparation, first genomic DNA and
plasmid DNA were isolated from bacterial
pathogen. For whole protein vaccine
preparation, Ammonium sulphate was
used. After isolation of proteins, it was
serially diluted up to 105 by using saline.
For Hematological analysis, regular
procedure was followed. For antibody
analysis, 96 well microtitre plate was used
and also immuno electrophoreses was
carried out.
In the results of first
experiment shows that, maximum WBC
count (9200 cells,/cumm) was observed in
killed vaccine treatment other parameters
such Hemoglobin (12.2gm%) RBC counts
(4.06 cells /millions) and PCV (36.6) were
lesser compared to toxoid and live
attempted treatments. The second higher
value of WBC count (8200 cell/ cu.mm)
was observed in live attenuated treatment.
The control treatments have lesser value
compares to other treatments. The
maximum hemoglobin (13.gm%) and
RBC count (4.36 cells/Millions)were
observed in toxoid treatment.
The higher antibody
production was observed in killed and live
attenuated treatment compared to toxoid
and control treatment. So in the first
experiment, In activated (killed) vaccine
has maximum immune response compared
to other Vaccine treatment.
In the second
experiment, higher value of WBC counts
and antibody production was observed in
protein and plasmid DNA treatment. In
the counter current immuno
electrophoresis results shows that more
than one type of antibody was produced in
plasmid DNA treatment compared to
other vaccine treatment.
In each part of the
pathogen has various level of
immunogenic efficacy. The increased
level of some components and appropriate
level of mixer of various immunogen
determine the immunogenic efficacy of
the vaccine. In this trial various
components of bacterial pathogen
(Aeromonas hydrophila) was isolated and
tested their immunogenic efficacy in
albino rats. The conventional approach to
the process of vaccine development
includes the use of inactivated whole cells
and live attenuates microbes.
The major drawback
with these two approaches is that large
quantities of organisms are usually
required to isolate sufficient antigens for
prepare a vaccine. The modern approaches
of vaccine developments are best
compared to old approaches. Another
important drawback is in killed vaccine, it
cannot multiply in the host. So the levels
of antigens are always same at long time
but live attenuated vaccine continue to
multiply inside to the host. So the
immunity may increase and present in
long term. Recently it has been increasing
interest that the use of live attenuated
vaccines against bacterial pathogens.
In general, live vaccines elicit a
stronger cell-mediated response then
bacteria 3 While the greater immunity
provided by attenuated organisms
compared with that provided by dead
bacteria may be explained by induced
expression of stress proteins and possibly
certain abundant toxins, Aeromonas
within the host1.
In the second trial three
types of test vaccines are used. One is
genomic DNA another one is plasmid
DNA and third one is whole cell protein.
The DNA vaccine is under trial in various
laboratories, which is being tested in
human beings, the injection of plasmid
loops of DNA that contains genes for
proteins produced by the organisms being
targeted for immunity. In this study
plasmid DNA treatment produce more
antibodies against A.hydrophila compared
to genomic DNA. Similar trial was done
in staphylococcus aureus, salmonella
typhi and E. coli.4
In the first trial live
attenuated vaccine produce more
immunity. In the second trial protein and
plasmid DNA produce higher immune
responses. Usually the surface antigenic
immunogens are proteins which is
produce higher immunity .If use mixer of
protein and plasmid DNA immunogens
the efficacy of vaccine will reach high. So
this preparation is the recommended to
New Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine
preparation.
1.3 Nucleotide Immunogen
The immunogen are important
components of the vaccine which is able
to determine the efficacy of vaccine. It is
also immunity and immunological
memory. The nucleotides are also act as
immunogen. The bacterial plasmid DNA
has few nucleotides. Nowadays multi drug
resistant pathogens appear in many
countries. It gives global threat WHO
advices to produce new vaccine against
these short sequence plasmid DNA opens
new windows to develop novel vaccine.
Table -1. Immunogenic efficacy of various cellular
components of Aeromonas hydrophila.
S.no
A B C D
–L
D-
P
E F G
1. Control 3.9 7,500 15 85 11.8 38.25 07
2. Killed
Vaccine
4.05
9,200 23 75 12.2 38.75 10
3. Live
Attinated
Vaccine
4.25
8.900
25
72
12.8
39.75
09
4. Toxoid
Vaccine
4.25
8,800
12
88
13.1 36.75 08
5. Protein
Vaccine
4.3
9,200
18
81
13 39.75 09
6. Genomic
DNA.vac
4.33
8,700
11
86
12.8
37.25
08
7. Plasmid
DNA.vaccine
4.28
8,000
20
79
13.1
37.25
08
A=Cellular component, B=R.B.C count ,C=W.B.C total
counts, D=W.B.C Diff.counts, P(%),L(%) E=Hb(gm),
F=PCV,G=Antibody titre .
For more than one disease
prevention, cocktail vaccine trials are
conducted. During our lab trials, the
maximum immune responses were
observed in mixer of digestive plasmid
DNA compared to undigested plasmid
DNA mixture.10 during optimization trials
of S.typhi oral plasmid DNA vaccine the
maximum efficacy was observed in
double digested plasmid DNA vaccine
compared to whole plasmid DNA
vaccine.5
1.4 Cocktail Vaccine
It is a mixer of more
than one species of same pathogen or
different pathogen. The aim of the
cocktail vaccine development is to prevent
the spreading of multi-drug resistant
pathogens and also prevent the group of
diseases in specific population In our
study, Still many parasites gives headache
to scientist during vaccine development.
Cocktail vaccine development solve this
problem and it well help to develop best
vaccine against parasites. The antibiotic
resistant staphylococcus aureus bacterial
pathogens produce more problems during
vaccine development. It is mainly due to
presence of more strains and also multi-
drug resistant power. This cocktail
vaccine gives new scope to vaccine
development. Because immunogen of
various strains are used in cocktail
vaccine. The design and preparation
methods are easy and it can be alter or
adjusts according to practical need. In
future the cocktail vaccine help to solve
many common disease problems and save
human society from various risk
conditions.
2. Current Status
2.1 Peptide vaccine
There are different types of
antigenic peptide present in bacterial
pathogens, their immunogenic efficacy
also vary. The important immunogenic
peptides are surface proteins, Heat stress
proteins, Toxoid proteins, etc. These are
used to develop vaccine for single
pathogen or sometimes these mixtures of
peptides help to prepare a vaccine to
control more than one diseases. Based on
the requirement, the cocktail vaccine will
be altered.
During cocktail vaccine
preparation appropriate amount of
different types of immunogenic peptide
mixed and vaccine will be prepared. Each
peptide is prepared separately and
combined in to a single drug product.
Nowadays the multiple peptides mixed
and single drug product developed, this is
also a good approach for development of
vaccine.
2.2 Virus Vaccine
The virus cocktail vaccine is under
the experimental trials. Now scientists are
making the case that a vaccine against
rhinoviruses, the predominant cause of
common cold is achievable. The vaccine
against rhino viruses may be questionable,
because there are more than 100 varieties
circuiting around the world. It’s
supporting that nobody tried such a simple
solution over the last 50 years. We just
took 50 types of shini virus and select
dominant type then mixed them together
into our vaccine.
A mixture of different types of in
activated rhinovirus stimulate neutralizing
antibodies performs well against all the
viruses in mice. Similar things are also
repeated in rhesus macaques. In this work,
antibodies generated in response to the
vaccine were tested and analyzed for their
ability to prevent the virus from infecting
human cells in culture.1
2.3 Staph cocktail vaccine
Antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus
aureus is one of the global threats.
Different strains of staphylococcus aureus
cause disease, for solve this problem
mixer of Immunogen from different stains
are used. In the same time immunogens of
more virulent pathogens are mixed and
vaccine will be developed. This type of
cocktail vaccine in Staphylococcus aureus
was prepares and tested in albino rats. It
produces good results2 .Now research
work is going on to develop effective
vaccine against staph infection.
2.4 Parasite Vaccine
The parasite life cycle has different
complicated stages. So still it is very
difficult to develop vaccine in many
parasitic diseases. But cocktail vaccine
gives solution to parasitic diseases. The
mixture of immunogens from various
parasitic life stages are isolated, identified
and mixed appropriate levels and based on
the requirement, vaccines will be
developed. The parasite vaccine
development is under trial level because
the host parasite immunological
relationship is not completely understood.
Much parasite vaccines are still under
experimental levels, due to presence of lot
of hurdles and complications in vaccine
development. For eg. Malaria vaccine,
Filariasis vaccine etc,
2.5 Cocktail plasmid DNA Vaccine
The cocktail DNA Vaccine is also
under research level. In our lab trials two
types of cocktail DNA Vaccine were
developed. One is plasmid DNA Vaccine
and another is genomic DNA vaccine. The
details are explained one by one. First
plasmid DNA Vaccine was developed for
various bacterial pathogens. The digested
plasmid DNA was also used.3 In this
work, mixer of three different pathogen’s
plasmid DNA based cocktail vaccine was
developed.
In these studies three bacterial
pathogens such as salmonella typhi,
staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia
coli were collected from local hospital
laboratory. All the biochemical and micro
biological examination were done for
confirmation. Then prepared three
separate broths and individually
inoculated. After 24 hours plasmid DNA
was isolated separately from culture and it
was isolated by alkaline layers method. In
the first treatment all the plasmid DNA
were mixed and used as vaccine.
In the second treatment all the
plasmid DNA were digested by Bam H.1
restriction Enzyme. Then it was used as
vaccine. In the third treatment plasmid
DNA was isolated from different culture
and digested by PST-1 restriction enzyme
and there is mixed then used as vaccine.
In the fourth treatment, plasmid DNA was
isolated from all the pathogens and double
digested by using Bam H-1+pst-1
enzymes and they were mixed well then
used as vaccine. One control treatment
was always maintained throughout the
experiment. Albino rats were used as test
animals in all the treatments. After
delivered the test vaccines two weeks later
blood samples were collected for analysis.
In these study maximum immune
responses was observed in double
digested plasmid DNA treatment
compared to other treatments. The second
maximum immune response was observed
in undigested plasmid DNA treatment.
The lesser response was observed in
control treatment restriction enzymes Pst-
1 digested plasmid DNA treatments gives
better results than Bam H-I digested
treatment.
The RBC count was not much
charge in all the treatments. It was more
or less some level in undigested plasmid
DNA treatment. Pst -1and Bam H-I
digested plasmid DNA have similar RBC
counts. Higher level of polymorph and
lymphocytes were observed in double
digested plasmid DNA treatment,
compared to other treatments Antibody
levels were higher in single and double
digested treatments. The control treatment
has lesser antibody levels compared to
other treatment.
2.6 Genomic Cocktail Vaccine
The another type of cocktail
vaccine is Genomic cocktail DNA
vaccine..In this study, three pathogens
(Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus
and, E.coli) were used. First genomic
DNA was separately isolated from these
three pathogens. In this study three
treatments were tested. In the first
treatment, the entire DNA were mixed and
used as vaccine. In the second treatment
the DNA was digested by bamH-1 and
mix well than used as vaccine. In the third
treatment DNA of all the organisms was
digested by PST -1 enzyme then mixed
well.
Table : 2 Cocktail Plasmid DNA and Genomic DNA vaccine influence on
immune responses in Albino rats.
Treatm
ents
WBCCo
unts
(tells/in
mm)
W
BC
P
Diff.
Coun
t(L
%)
(
%
)
E
RBC
Count(mi
i-
llionns/cu
mm)
Hb(
%)
Antid
ody
Titre
A 4800 20 78 02 3.7 14.5 7
B 7100 30 70 -- 3.3 9.9 8
C 5900 27 65 03 4.2 12.5 10
D 6600 19 81 -- 4.3 13.0 10
E 7600 22 78 01 3.5 12.3 10
F 5500 18 62 -- 3.8 11.5 7
G 4900 31 68 01 3.5 10.6 10
H 6300 24 70 01 3.5 10.6 10
A=control, B=Whole plasmid DNA mix,
C=Bam H I digested Plasmid DNA mix,
D=PST-I digested plasmid DNA mix,
E=Doubled digested Plasmid DNA mix,
F=Genomic DNA mix
G= Bam H-I digested genomic DNA mix
H=PST-I digested genomic DNA mix
and used as vaccine. One control
treatment was also maintained.
After one week of injection same
booster dose was given to all the
treatments. At the end of the experiments,
blood samples were collected for analysis.
The maximum RBC count was observed
in PSt-1 treatment and the minimum WBC
counts were observed in control treatment.
The highest antibody level was observed
in enzyme digested DNA treatment. So it
is concluded that PSt-1 digested mixer
genomic DNA acts good vaccine
compared to other cocktail genomic DNA
vaccine.
The Correct design and appropriate
combination of all the components are
essential in cocktail vaccines. If the
composition is not correct it may leads to
inefficient functions of vaccines. In the
first gulf war, cocktail of Vaccines
administrated to troops, some are received
as many as 12 vaccines at one time and
went to develop severe reactions.
The cocktail of inoculations lead
them to suffer from symptoms similar to
those for chronic fatigue. They
complained of headaches, memory loss,
muscle pain, nausea, gastrointestinal
problems, loss of concentrations, vision
and balance problems. People claims that
many hundreds of former military
personal have died from gulf war
syndrome. This is happened due to
improper study of synergic reactions of
vaccine. After the clear study, only the
cocktail vaccine should introduce. If
introduce without clear study leads to
develop many problems.
3. Vaccine Development
3.1 Vaccine complex
Cocktail vaccine contains more
than one immunogen from one pathogen
or different strains/types of the pathogens.
Based on the requirement, the vaccine will
be designed. The important components is
of the cocktail vaccine are as follows.
• Immunogen mix,
• Bio-adjuvant
• Bio-Preservatives and
• Bio-active compounds
First different components are
standardized and mixed appropriate
amount, then vaccine will be developed.
These components are discussed one by
one.
3.2 Immunogen mix
The immunogens are mainly
determined the efficacy of vaccine. There
are different types of immunogens used in
different vaccines. In the cocktail vaccine,
mixer of all the immunogen are used such
as inactivated pathogens, various
antigenic proteins and fragments of DNA,
etc. The inactivated cells induce
immediate immunological reactions and
immunological memory. But the numbers
of cells are not multiply, The number is
constant, so it cannot produce long term
immunity, the immunity will be fade
slowly. But for short term immunity, it is
good because it produce higher level of
immunity.
For inactivated cell preparation,
there are three methods are followed such
as formalin in activated cells, Heat killed
cells and antibiotic in activated cells. In
the first method, cells are harvested from
broth through centrifugation then 0.5% of
formalin will be added and incubate at
4oC in overnight. After that all the cells
are washed with the help of physiological
saline. Now it is ready to use.
The second method is in activated
by heat. The bacterial cells are introduced
in 1000C water bath for 30minutes then
these cells are used in vaccine. The third
method is using suitable antibiotics to kill
the bacterial cells. After killed the
bacterial cells, they are suspended in
physiological saline. These materials are
stored for vaccine preparation and are
portion of these materials is tested. They
were introduce in spread plate then it is
incubate 370c for overnight or
24hours,after that check, if any live cells
are present in solution or not, then
confirmation of all the cells are at death
condition, they were serially diluted and
used in vaccine preparation.
Second thing is Antigenic protein
preparations. Different types of antigenic
proteins present in the bacterial cells. The
important antigenic proteins are surface
protons, toxoid proteins, Head Stress
proteins, etc.. During extra cellular proton
preparation, the cells are removed from
the culture by centrifugation or using
appropriate filter cells are filtered then
protons are precipitated and also
inactivated. The osmoregulation is also
help to isolate the surface proteins in
pathogens. If use hypertonic/hypotonic
medium, it can easily remove surface
region of the cell, using Various methods
different types of antigen proteins are
isolated, optimized and finally all are
standardized then they will be used in
Vaccine preparation. In the case of
preservatives , compared to artificial
chemicals, Natural product based
preservatives are good, cheap, possible to
receive lesser side effects and also
highly potential compounds .All types of
Natural preservatives are not still
exposed. Many natural compounds,
antimicrobial peptides present in marine
sources. In future, it may expose and new
Compounds will be use as preservatives in
vaccine development. Based on their
efficacy and functions, it will use as single
Compound or mixture of Compounds will
be used as bioperservatives in vaccine
development.
In the Animals sources
lot of anti-microbial peptides are present.
still researchers are needed to explore
these peptides. In our lab trial,
antimicrobial compounds observed in fish
internal organs. In this study, various
internal organs of fish was isolated and
prepared extract with the help of
chloroform and ethanol (1;1) mixture
Antibiotic disc were pre pared by using
these extracts. They were prepared by
using these extracts. They were placed on
the bacterial pathogen (Aeromonas
hydrophila) spread plate, after
appropriate time incubation, Zone of
inhibitions were observed.
The maximum Zone of
inhibition is observed in Brain and muscle
tissue extracts. So it is concluded that, fish
internal organs contain some antimicrobial
peptides and proteins. The discoveries of
various Natural antimicrobial compounds
gives new s scope to develop new
preservatives in advanced vaccine
development .New researches in various
marine animals are must to discover new
Compounds. In Marine environment still
many unknown drugs and antimicrobial
compounds are present and it is good
resources to solve many essential
problems in our society.
3.3 Bio-active compounds
In therapeutic vaccine development,
Bio-active Compounds are added during
vaccine development. The therapeutic
vaccine used in after infectious
Condition. So it needs to reduce the
pathogen load. It Contain mainly bio
active Compounds and the remaining
vaccine Compounds which trigger the
immune system against infection.
The marine resources contain
varieties of bio-active Compounds.
However these varieties of bio-active
Compounds are not yet used in vaccine
development. Still more and more
research work are need in this area The
main function of therapeutic cocktail
vaccine Components strengthen the
immune system and it help to fight
against the pathogens. The Natural bio-
active Compounds are healthy, low cost,
easily available, lesser side effects
Compared to Synthetic one.
4. Problems to be solved
Cocktail vaccine helps to prevent
group of infections. It can be easily solve
many problems in our society. In different
condition, more than one pathogen is
involved in the infection. In chronic
diseases condition, many bacteria and
fungi are involved the secondary
infections. If develop cocktail vaccine, it
will help to solve these problems and it is
also helped to control multidrug resistant
pathogens.
4.1 Children vaccine
Children have weak
immune system and the immune system is
not fully developed. They cannot fight
against many infectious disease at a time
for example diseases in raining season or
some other seasons, at that time suitable
cocktail vaccine gives protection from the
diseases. The therapeutic vaccine is
needed to maintain children’s health,
because it will use after infections, for this
vaccine development, screening of broad
spectrum medicine is first step. If develop
a cocktail vaccine, it will prevent many
infectious diseases at a single dose of
medicine in early childhood condition.
4.2 Elder’s Vaccine
Aged populations immune
system is also weak. They suffer from
various age related diseases. So it needs to
develop suitable cocktail vaccine for those
diseases. If develop therapeutic cocktail
vaccine, it reduce disease burden and
induce functions of immune system and
also gives strength to the immune system.
In the therapeutic vaccine development
drugs, it will reduce the side effects and
save people’s health.
4.3 Immuno-suppressed patient’s
Vaccine
The immuno- compromised people
have impaired immune system. They need
special design for vaccine development,
because the new vaccine will give more
strength to immune system and induce to
fight against the infectious diseases. If add
bio-active Compound in the vaccine, it
will help to clear the pathogen load and
reduce burden of the disease. The diet
plays an important role in the functions of
immune system. Many nutritional factory
acts as anti-oxidants and immuno
stimulants. They help to strengthen to our
immune system. If design table of diet
Components and rations it will help to
improve the functions of immune system
and also functions of vaccine. The
nutritional immunology plays a important
role in vaccination of immuno-
compromised patients.
4.4 Food and water borne Disease
vaccine.
In developing Countries, very
difficult to provide safe food and drinking
water to all the people. In most of the
traditional celebrations, religious
functions the water borne diseases are
more chance to be explored and
sometimes created major problems
because people assemble in one place
during the celebrations. At that people
cannot maintain good hygiene and
difficult to maintain in safe drinking
water. In rural areas and also most of the
town and cities in developing Countries,
people maintain poor sanitation and public
hygiene. So the drinking water bodies are
unprotected and also possible to pollute.
The Contaminated water Contain many
diseases, it will possible to explore in that
area. So in this Condition Cocktail
vaccine is essential to save people form
group of water borne diseases.
In poor Countries, small
hotels with various food varieties present
in everywhere but the level of hygiene is
very low they use low quality ingredients
and also use poor hygiene drinking water
and other materials. The food preparation
Conditions and place have to maintain
very poor sanitations, it leads to possible
to spread more infections disease through
contaminated food and water. In future If
develop therapeutic cocktail vaccine, it is
good because it reduce disease burden and
also educate to our immunesystem to fight
against various infectious diseases.
4.5 Stress vaccine.
In the modern life style
provide more stress to people. The target
oriented western life cycle creates more
stress and it induces to produce more
cortisol hormones which lead to provide
more stress and stress related problems. In
day today life, all the people affected in
various type of stress, mostly affected by
mental stress. Physiologically, it creates
lot of problems which aggravate other
diseases. In this condition there is need to
stress reducer therapeutic cocktail vaccine
and common food schedules for reducing
stress and save the people. More
researches are need in this area to develop
cocktail vaccine which is suitable for all
types of people.
4.6 Public Hygiene worker’s Vaccine. In
most of the developing courtiers, the
public sanitary workers and Hospital
cleaning workers are affected forms
various infections disease. Suppose if
prepare common therapeutic vaccine, it
will help to Control these types of
problems and save the public workers
health Condition. Mostly sewage cleaning
workers, hospital cleaning workers and
Nurses are victim for many infectious
diseases. So the cocktail Vaccine
development gives better protection to this
group of infectious diseases. More and
more research works are needed in this
area to develop various cocktail vaccines
in developing Countries.
4.7 poor people Vaccine.
In the day today life of villagers,
they spend most of the time in Agriculture
filed. They are mostly work in soil and
also spend in animal husbandry. During
their work , they may be infected by
various bacterial, fungal and parasitic
pathogens. The cocktail prophylactic
vaccine and therapeutic Vaccine provide
solution for all these problems. It will
protect common infections. More and
more research work is needed to develop
cocktail vaccine to solve these problems.
In the city and Town, poor people are
mostly suffer in malnutrition and poverty
related diseases, For this situation, the
cocktail Vaccine is need to save the
people from those disease condition.
4.8 Hospital worker’s Vaccine
In the hospital atmosphere, most of
the pathogens are drug resistant. If people
stay long time or working in long time,
they may get more chance to various
infections. The hospital workers have
more chance to get infections form
multidrug resistant pathogens. So they
should follow proper precautions
methods, otherwise they may suffer in
various infections in long term. The
cocktail vaccine helps to solve the
problem. It gives protection form these
diseases and gives more strength to our
immune system, the discovery of
Common cocktail vaccine for hospital
workers is very important because they
save people.
4.9 Malaria Vaccine.
In malaria the host –parasite
interaction at molecular level is not
completely known. If understand these
mechanism which help to develop new
vaccine. The second thing is life style of
parasite has many complicated stages. So
Identification of correct Immunogens are
very big problem. Now drug resistant
malaria reported in some places.
However, the cocktail vaccine enhances
the efficacy. If it is also to help fight
against these pathogens. Most of the
developing Countries are suffering in
parasitic infections and drug resistant
pathogen problems. Because very
difficult to change life style and economic
status of people. This cocktail Vaccine
development is helpful to control these
type of problems in future.
4.10 Multidrug resistant pathogens
vaccine.
The multidrug resistant pathogens
populations is slowly increase in all over
the world especially in developing
Countries The main reason is misuse of
antibiotics and over use of antibiotics. For
Control these things, we need new drugs
form nature especially from marine
resources. The marine environment has a
lot of unexplored compounds and drugs.
More researches are needed to discover
best drugs. Nowadays antimicrobial
peptides discovered in many animals and
humans, these are also helpful to control
pathogens.
The new therapeutic cocktail
Vaccines are under research Condition In
future good therapeutic Vaccine help to
manage the multidrug resistant pathogen
problem. The developing countries mainly
suffer in multidrug resistant pathogens
infections. Because there is more
population lesser hygiene, poor life status
in developing Countries and they have
weak economic states. So they are suffer
in research and drug development anyhow
I hope cocktail vaccine solve poor people
infections disease in future.
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About Author…
Dr.M.Muruganandam is a Scientist
in Einsteein Bio-Engineering research
foundation, South India. He published more
than hundred publications. He has an
Editorship in African Journal of
Biotechnology, International Journal of
Medicine and Biomedical Research, Journal
of Medicine and Medical Research, London.