Escenarios sostenibles para

Jamaica y El Caribe

and

Caribbean Association of Sustainable

Energy Professionals (CASEP)

Stephen L. N. H. Rhoden, PHD. RHO-ENERGY CONSULTING LLC

Punta Cana, Dominican Republic

E-mail: rhoden.stephen@gmail.com

November 17th 2016

Sustainable Development Consulting

Subject matter experts (SME) specializing in delivering customized sustainable development solutions.

- Grant funding access

- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

- Energy and water auditing

- Sustainability consulting

- Battery and backup power

- Solar/ photo-voltaic power

- Electrolysis

- Co-generation from solid oxide and/or polymer electrolyte fuel cells

- Gas-electric turbine power cogeneration

- Potable water, water treatment and hydrodynamics

WHO is RHO-ENERGY?

2 https://jm.linkedin.com/in/stephenrhodenphd

What are the challenges?

Why consider sustainability?

Types of sustainable solutions

The connection between energy and water

Possible applications

Conclusion

Outline

3

Sustainability: Not Just For Developed Countries Anymore

4

Pico Duarte, San Juan, Dominican Republic

5

Low equivalent weight Friedel-Crafts cross-linked sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)

Stephen L. N. H. Rhoden, Clovis A. Linkous, Nahid Mohajeri; Journal of Membrane Science 376 (1-2) (2011)

6

Smog - Taj Mahal India

7

Taj Mahal, India

8 http://www.jamentrust.org/

Highlights of Jamaica Environmental Trust (JAMENT) Petition

9

We call on the Government of Jamaica to:

• Refuse this proposal to construct a 1000MW coal-fired power plant

in Jamaica

• Abide by their commitments to the Paris Agreement of December

2015, which requires phased reduction of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

• Continue the transition to a new energy future for Jamaica as

outlined in many government documents, including the National

Energy Policy 2009 and Vision 2030, which emphasise energy

conservation, renewables and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a

transitional fuel for Jamaica.

Our target for this petition is 20,000 signatures and it will be delivered

to the Government of Jamaica on October 31, 2016.

Readily available

Fuel flexible (especially at higher temperatures)

LNG, CNG, Gasoline, Diesel, JP8….....

Low efficiency

High pollutant emissions (renewables reuse)

Renewables have low power densities (upgrades are coming)

High noise (more moving parts than most renewables)

Why Fool with Fossil Fuel? (Why Fuel with Fossil Fool?)

10

11

GHG Reduction and Energy Efficiency Go Hand-in-Hand

Priorities:

People

System Design

Efficiency Resilience

Hydropower Fuel cells*

Solar photovoltaic Wind farms Thermal Solar Ocean Geo

Biofuel Waste-to-Energy Agricultural biomass Municipal waste incineration Landfill gas incineration

Sustainability Options

12

Jamaica’s Energy: Old Prospects New Resources, Raymond M. Wright, PhD. 1996

*Sustainable Fuel Cell Scenarios for the Caribbean, Clovis Linkous, PhD., Stephen L. Rhoden, 2007

Wigton Wind Farms, Manchester Jamaica - 62.7 MW

Taum Sauk,

Missouri, U.S.A. - 450 MW

GES Content Solar,

Clarendon, Jamaica – 20 MW

Hydrogen for Cooking

13 Instagram: @rhod_energy

WATER – ENERGY NEXUS

Utilities - Average energy cost

per delivered volume of water

+ (some $$$$)

Countries with elevation, even a little, can convert that Potential Energy to Electrical Energy

Rethinking the Connection Between Water and Energy

14

Where is the Potable Water?

Water source Water volume (cubic miles)

Water volume (cubic Km)

Percent of total water

Percent of total freshwater

Ice caps, Glaciers, & Permanent snow

5,773,000 24,064,000 1.7% 68.7%

Total global freshwater

8,404,000 35,030,000 2.5% --

Water resources. In Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, ed. By S. H. Schneider, Oxford University Press, New York, vol. 2, pp.817-823, 1996

15

Hydro Potential: A Case Study

16 Study on the importance of harnessing the hydropower resources of the world; J. Maríusson, L. Thorsteinsson, 2000; Eurelectric.

Ideality 1. Gross potential if all runoff is developed to sea level with no loss: 5.8 TW

2. Exploitable potential, considering environmental and other restrictions: 5.1 TW

3. Economically viable potential, cost competitive with other sources: 4.6 TW

4. Technical potential, ignoring economic limitations: 4.4 TW

Reality 1. For technical feasibility, these same sources estimate 1.6–2.3 TW globally.

2. Economic feasibility (in today’s economic climate) drops this to 1.0–1.4 TW

Current Hydro Capacity Worldwide 0.4 TW

Storage Tanks

Dammed Hydro

Mountain and Other Run-Off

Civil Engineered Roads

Gully’s and Sewerage Systems

Rivers

Streams

Aquifers

Types of Hydroelectric Generators and Storage

17

Taum Sauk,

Missouri, U.S.A.

Hydro Reality: Jamaica, Caribbean

18

Montego Bay, Jamaica

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Meadows of Irwin, Montego Bay Jamaica

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~1500 Homes once

All Phases Complete

Activated Sludge Process Sewage Treatment Plant,

Potable Well and Water Tank

21

Planned Hydro-Installation (How much dam energy do we need?)

22

Sustainable Designs and Implementations

Energy Audit

Environmental Impact Assessment

Energy Management

Energy Efficiency

Reliability

Policy Offset:

206,000 kWh of Energy or

150 Metric Tons of CO2

https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator

Many types of Sustainable Solutions and Many

Applications!!

Energy and Water are Necessary for Life

Educating Ourselves and Population

Design with End Users as the Priority

Public and Private Partnerships

Conclusion: The Future is Bright!

23

Caribbean Association of Sustainable Energy Professionals

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We are a group of women and men, who are committed to the

education, research, development and implementation of all

things sustainable!!

caribbeanenergymanagers@gmail.com (876.485.8961 or 876.790.6151)

Dominican Republic

Smart Villages: Cambridge Malaysian Education and Development Trust (CMEDT)

Universities of Cambridge and the University of Oxford

Templeton World Charity Foundation

Caribbean Association of Sustainable Energy Professionals (CASEP)

The University of Technology at Jamaica (UTech)

Caribbean Sustainable Energy and Innovation Institute (CSEII)

Can-Cara Development LLC and Can-Cara Environment LLC

RHO-Energy Consulting LLC

Gracias, Obrigado, Thank You!!

25

APPENDIX: Physics of Hydroelectric Power

26

• A mass, m, raised a height, h against gravity, g = 10 m/s², is given a

potential energy E = mgh.

• The result will be in Joules if the input is expressed in meters,

kilograms, and seconds (MKS, or SI units). Water has a density of ρ =

1000 kg/m³, so if we know how many cubic meters of water flow

through the dam/orifice each second (F), the power available to the

dam will be P = ηρFgh.

• We have inserted η to represent the efficiency of the dam—usually

around 90% (η≈0.90).