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DRY FLOWER – A BOON TO FLORICULTURE INDUSTRY
Orissa University of Agriculture and technology, Bhubaneswar
Seminar
Presented by:Subrahmanya Krishna Bhat
01FLS/13
Topic Division
HistoryBrought to India by the Britishers & prospered in Calcutta
Dry flower industry is five decade old
Japanese used pressed plants & colorful papers to create Oshibana Art (Japanese Pressed Flower) .
The Egyptians used dried flowers to make fragrances and placed dried flowers in tombs.
Importance of Dry Flowers
Natural
Eco friendly
Long lasting
Year round availability
Easy to Handle
Economical
Fig: Export value in Crores of Indian dried ornamentals and total floriculture products.
Source: Deshraj et al, 2011
India is the fifth largest exported of dried flowers
India is one of the major exporters of dried flowers to the tune
of 5% world trade in dry flowers.
This industry shows a growth rate of 15% annually.
Potpourris are a major segment of dry flower industry valued
at Rs. 55 crore in India alone.
In 2012- 13 Export of dry flowers and total floricultural
products recorded Rs. 363.5 crore and 423.4 crore respectively
(Source: UNCOMTRADE, APEDA)
Production Area
In India, dried flower units are concentrated in Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu) and Kolkata.(Misra et al., 2003).
Dried flower exporters in Tuticorin (TN) :Natural Export Corporation Ltd (NPEC)
Ramesh Flowers Pvt. Ltd. Floral Export Pvt. Ltd.
Kolkata based companies:Siraj Dry flowers
Kolkata online floristGlobal dried flowers pvt. Ltd.
HelipterumHelichrysum
Top ten dry flowers
DelphiniumGypsophila
NigellaLimonium
Carthamus
Papaver
Rose
Gomphrena
Factors affecting dehydration
Atmospheric humidity
Air flow
Temperature
Embedding material
Method of drying
Moisture content of the flower
Shape, colour and quality of flower
Sun Drying
Table 1: Effect of drying on per cent weight loss in flowers of China Aster Meman et al., 2006, Gujarat
TreatmentPer cent weight loss
1st day 2nd day 3rd day 4th day 5th dayCondition (C)C1 36 43.42 62.50 65.13 67.50C2 47.19 49.22 64.94 66.43 67.91C.D.@ 5% 0.31 0.33 0.52 0.31 NSMedia(M)M1 42.66 50.93 65.27 66.01 66.66M2 41.80 43.99 62.97 65.29 65.66M3 32.18 35.99 60.27 64.98 71.08M4 51.15 54.39 66.37 66.84 67.42C.D.@ 5% 0.44 0.46 0.73 0.43 0.57
C1- Room dryingC2- Sun drying
M1 - Sand M3- BoraxM2 – Sand: Borax(1:1) M4 – Silica gel
Table 2: Effect of drying on per cent moisture loss in flowers of China Aster Meman et al., 2006, Gujarat
TreatmentPer cent moisture loss
1st day 2nd day 3rd day 4th day 5th dayCondition (C)
C1 17.96 24.14 49.63 55.17 61.41C2 27.38 29.30 54.14 57.21 60.97
C.D.at 5% 0.39 0.45 0.81 0.83 NSMedia(M)
M1 23.82 31.59 57.00 58.91 60.62M2 23.06 24.88 51.74 56.94 57.87M3 12.38 14.67 39.58 48.44 64.24M4 31.41 35.75 59.23 60.46 62.03
C.D.at 5% 0.55 0.64 1.14 1.18 1.43
C1- Room dryingC2- Sun drying
M1 - Sand M3- BoraxM2 – Sand: Borax(1:1) M4 – Silica gel
Air drying
Plant materials are hanged with rope/wire in an inverted positionWarm, clean, dark and well ventilated area with low humidity .
E.g. : Helichrysum, Acrolinum, Limonium
Flower selected should be of slightly immature stage.
Materials needed Sorting the
flowersTie bunches
together
Hanging the flowers
Arranging the dry flowers
Variety% Disc floret shedding
Control Sand
White 72 20
Yellow 30 0
Pink 62 10
Orange 65 12
Red 70 15
Table 3: Effect of sand embedded shade drying on per cent disc floret shedding of fully open Helichrysum flowers
Sangama, 2004, Bengaluru
Table 4: Effect of different media and duration of shade drying on dry flower weight (g) in carnation cv. Master.
Nirmala et al., 2009, Hyderabad.
MediaDuration(days)
Mean4(D1) 8(D2) 16(D3)
Quartz sand (M1) 3.36 2.70 2.58 2.88a
Silica gel (M2) 2.60 2.39 2.18 2.39b
Borax (M3) 2.58 2.30 2.27 2.38b
Mean 2.84a 2.46b 2.34c
C.D. @ 5%
Media(M) 0.11
Duration(D) 0.11
M x D 0.19
Table 5: Effect of different media and duration of shade drying on texture of petal of dry carnation cv. Master.
Nirmala et al., 2009, Hyderabad.
MediaDuration(days)
Mean4(D1) 8(D2) 16(D3)
Quartz sand (M1) 3.60 2.26 0.66 2.17a
Silica gel (M2) 1.73 0.73 0.33 0.93c
Borax (M3) 3.40 1.60 0.60 1.86b
Mean 2.91a 1.53b 053c
C.D. @ 5 %
Media(M) 0.15
Duration(D) 0.15
MxD 0.27
Press drying was first reported in 1820
Flowers and foliage are placed between the folds of newspaper
sheets or blotting papers giving some space among flowers
Used by Botanist- Herbarium
Natural color can be maintained but original shape cannot be
maintained
E.g.: Thuja , Hibiscus, Marigold, Lantana camera, Euphorbia,
Ixora , Mussaendra.
Press drying
Sandwich between several heavy
books
Place in between newspaper sheet
Table 6:Effect of Press- drying and Hang – Drying methods on flower quality Alka and Dhaduk., 2005, Gujarat
Flower Type Flower colour Method
Effect of drying
Color Texture
Gomphrena Herb Purple Hang - drying
Dark- purple
Slight shrink
Ixora Shrub Red Press- drying Dark - red Smooth
Meyenia erecta Shrub Mauve Press-
drying Mauve Smooth
Mussaenda Shrub Yellow Press- drying Yellow Smooth
To over come the problem of petal shrinkage
Flowers can be dried by burying them in a plant-drying mixture or desiccants
By using desiccant the original shape can be maintained
Useful method for delicate flowers that may fall apart when air dried
Treatment DetailsT1M1 Oven drying at 50o C with Sand
T1M2 Oven drying at 50o C with Sand : Borax
T1M3 Oven drying at 50o C with Borax
T1M4 Oven drying at 50o C with Silica gel
T2M1 Oven drying at 55o C with Sand
T2M2 Oven drying at 55o C with Sand : Borax
T2M3 Oven drying at 55o C with Borax
T2M4 Oven drying at 55o C with Silica Gel
T3M1 Oven drying at 60o C with Sand
T3M2 Oven drying at 60o C with Sand : Borax
T3M3 Oven drying at 60o C with Borax
T3M4 Oven drying at 60o C with Silica Gel
Table : Effect of temperature and embedding media on Calendula flower Meman et al.,2008,Gujarat.
Table 7: Effect of temperature and embedding media on flower color in Calendula flower
Meman et al., 2008, Gujarat.
Treatment 4th h 8th h 12th h 16th hT1M1 A A A BT1M2 A A B CT1M3 A B B CT1M4 A A B BT2M1 A A A BT2M2 A A B CT2M3 A B B CT2M4 A A B BT3M1 A A B BT3M2 A B B CT3M3 A B C CT3M4 A A B C
Table 8: Effect of temperature and embedding media on petal texture in Calendula flower
Meman et al., 2008, Gujarat .
Treatment 4th h 8th h 12th h 16th hT1M1 + ++ ++ +++T1M2 + ++ ++ +++T1M3 + + + ++T1M4 + + ++ +++T2M1 + + ++ +++T2M2 + + ++ +++T2M3 + + + ++T2M4 + ++ +++ +++T3M1 + ++ ++ +++T3M2 + + ++ +++T3M3 + + + ++T3M4 + ++ +++ +++
+ Smooth , ++ Slightly smooth , +++ Highly rough
Table 9: Moisture loss of flowers under different drying methods Irene and Nanthakumar., 2002, Kodaikanal.
Name of the flower
Moisture loss in %
Shade drying Sun drying Oven drying
Achillea 30.2 33.5 35.4
Helichrysum 27.6 29.4 31.5Buddleji 30.3 34.5 35.6Salvia 41.5 43.7 47.7Lupinus 37.7 40.2 43.2Marigold 33.8 37.6 39.6Golden Rod 45.2 45.3 46.2Artemisia 40.3 42.5 43.4
Hydrangea 51.3 52.4 56.5
Daisy 28.9 31.4 35.4C.D.@ 5% 1.29
Table 10: Effect of different drying methods on general appearance and acceptability of certain dry flowers
Irene and Nanthakumar., 2002, Kodaikanal
Name of the flower
Drying methods
Shade drying Sun drying Oven drying
Achillea 2 2 2Helichrysum 5 5 5Buddleji 3 3 2Salvia 5 5 4Lupinus 5 5 4Mary gold 4 4 3Golden Rod 5 5 4Artemisia 2 2 2Hydrangea 4 4 3Daisy 3 3 2Mean 3.8 3.8 3.1C.D.at 5% 0.22
5- Excellent, 4- Good, 3- Fair 2- Poor, 1- Unacceptable
Table 12 : Effect of hot air oven drying on moisture loss (%) and time taken to dry gerbera flowers.
Vijayalaxmi, 2005, Arabhavi.
Treatment Moisture loss (%) Time taken to dry (hours)
300C+ non embedding 79.52 86.80
300C+ embedding 78.94 79.00
400C+ non embedding 81.85 75.40
400C+ embedding 80.03 77.00
500C+ non embedding 82.50 21.30
500C+ embedding 82.15 29.00
C.D at 1% 1.70 1.42
Microwave Drying
Principle – liberating moisture by agitating water molecules in the organic substance with the help of electronically produced microwaves.
Quickest method and gives fresher and colorfull dried flower.
The time limit should be followed strictly.
Table 15: Effect of different level of micro- power in microwave oven with different duration of drying on dry flower quality of chrysanthemum flowers, cv.
Button type Local. Aravinda and Jayanthi ,2004,Bangalore.
M1= 20% micro power
M2= 40% micro power
M3= 60% micro power
M4= 80% micro power
D1=90 second Duration
D2=120 second Duration
D3=150 second Duration
Cont…..Method of drying Color Texture Shape Over all acceptability
M1D1 3.16 2.71 3.03 3.01
M1D2 3.25 2.81 3.01 3.11
M1D3 3.36 3.01 3.23 3.43
M2D1 3.33 3.08 3.00 3.58
M2D2 3.51 3.06 3.28 3.35
M2D3 3.35 3.46 3.43 3.56
M3D1 3.65 3.48 3.50 3.35
M3D2 3.50 3.60 3.75 3.50
M3D3 3.61 3.51 3.51 3.63
M4D1 3.38 3.93 3.58 3.40
M4D2 4.08 4.03 3.91 4.11
M4D3 3.96 3.66 3.58 3.96
M5D1 3.38 3.28 3.06 3.08
M5D2 3.05 3.51 3.11 2.95
M5D3 3.03 3.31 2.96 2.95
CD@5% 0.46 0.20 0.23 0.17
Table 16: Effect of different duration of microwave drying on flower weight change (g) in carnation var. Cano and Kristina
Biswas and Dhua, 2010,West Bengal
Treatment
Weight of flower(g)
Cano Kristina
Fresh Dried %Decrease Fresh Dried %Decrease
2 minutes(T1) 6.68 2.31 65.42 6.31 2.08 67.04
3 minutes(T2) 6.87 2.05 70.16 6.61 1.88 72.01
4 minutes(T3) 7.13 1.57 77.98 6.33 1.35 78.67
C.D(P=0.05) 0.133 0.058 2.071 0.169 0.077 2.842
Table 17: Effect of different durations of microwave drying on change in moisture content (%) in carnation var. Cano and Kristina.
Biswas and Dhua, 2010,West Bengal.
Treatment
Moisture content (%)
Cano Kristina
Fresh Dried %Decrease Fresh Dried %Decrease
2 minutes(T1) 91.12 20.42 77.59 90.96 19.06 79.05
3 minutes(T2) 91.09 16.98 81.41 90.88 16.13 82.25
4 minutes(T3) 91.21 13.08 85.66 90.96 12.64 86.10
C.D(P=0.05) NS 2.514 3.519 NS 2.366 3.731
Freeze Drying
1813 by William Hyde Wallaston to the Royal Society in
London.
Principle - removal of water vapour from flowers while in a
frozen state. This enables the flowers to retain their shape, size
and color.
In this process the flowers are placed into a refrigerated
chamber and the temperature is lowered to below freezing
point.
Major flowers dried by this method are roses, carnation, etc
Table 19: Moisture content (%) of rose and carnation after freeze drying under various freezing time (FT) and drying temperature (DT)
Chen. et al., (2008)USA.
Treatment Color / species moisture content(%)
FT (h) DT(oC) Red roses Pink roses Red carnation
Pink carnation
2 27 50.84 61.87 19.35 46.13
2 37 32.09 46.37 9.06 44.48
2 47 21.88 27.58 4.87 31.78
4 27 45.52 63.51 14.17 47.71
4 37 31.54 44.89 7.53 43.36
4 47 24.56 23.48 4.53 20.81
Control 4.68 5.57 3.74 5.09
Glycerin method of preservationIt draw the moisture out of plant tissue.
Is a osmotic reagent.
The plant material will be flexible when dried.
But intern it changes the flower color.
The plant material is dipped in mixture of glycerin and water for 3-6 days for soft stem and 6 weeks for woody stem.
Flowers recommended: Aspisdistra, Hornbeam, Beech, Ivy, Holly, Eucalyptus,
Cotoneaster, Oaks, Oleander, Osmanthus, Pittosporum, Maple, and Magnolia.
Table 20: Effect of duration of pre- treatment with glycerol on moisture loss and time taken for drying Gerbera
Vijayalaxmi, 2005, Arabhavi
Treatment Moisture loss(%)
Time taken for drying (hours)
1:3 glycerol: water for 3 hours 79.11 5.001:3 glycerol: water for 6 hours 78.00 5.851:3 glycerol: water for 9 hours 79.00 6.001:3 glycerol: water for 12 hours 78.68 6.201:3 glycerol: water for 15 hours 79.17 6.85Control (with out any pre treatment) 81.70 7.40
C.D at 1% 1.3 0.84
Datta, 2004. NBRI
A. Capital INR
Hot air oven 10,000
Paper trimmer 500
Table glass 300
Scissors, forceps, blades etc. 300
Sand and silica gel 1000
Plant press 200
Blotting sheets 100
Total 12,600
B. Production cost INR
(a) For 1600 Greeting cards:
Plain card sheet(100) (9x 25 cm) 1000
Coloured velvet paper(40) (7×7 cm) 200
Adhesive tubes (32) 350
Dry flower and leaves 700
Envelopes (1600) 400
Skilled labour (Re. 1/-per card) 1,600
Total 4,250
Cost / card 2.66
Sale price/card 5.00
Profit/card 2.34
Profit/1600 cards 3,744
b). For 100 floral arrangements in sealed glass container INR
Transparent glass container (100) 2,000
Glass discs (100) 400
Thermocol sheets (3) 45
Dry flowers 400
Synthetic resin adhesive (500 g) 100
Velvet paper (4 sheets) 20
Enamel paint (250 g) 50
Skilled labour 500
Total 3,525
Cost of one floral arrangement (Rs./-) 35.15
Sale price/container 60.00
Profit/piece 24.85
Profit/100 pieces 2,485
Bleaching
Dyeing
Packing
Table 22 : Damage to the package in drop test. Anitha, 2010, Tamil nadu
Treatment Packaging material Damage to the package due to dropping
Remarks
T1 3 ply- 130 gsm- RSC (Control) 4.82 Severe
T2 3 ply-180 gsm- RSC 4.52 Severe
T3 5 ply- 180 gsm- RSC 3.80 Moderate
T4 7 ply-180 gsm- RSC 3.60 Moderate
T5 3 ply- 180 gsm- FTHS 4.26 Severe
T6 5 ply- 180 gsm FTHS 3.22 Moderate
T7 7 ply- 180 gsm FTHS 3.06 Moderate
SEd 0.0215
CD (0.05) 0.0440
RSC- regular slotted container FTHS- Full Telescope Half Slotted Carton
Table 23 : Damage to the product in drop test. Anitha, 2010, Tamilnadu
Treatment Packaging material Damage to the product (%) due to dropping
Remarks
T1 3 ply- 130 gsm- RSC (Control) 5.9 High
T2 3 ply-180 gsm- RSC 2.8 Moderate T3 5 ply- 180 gsm- RSC 0 No T4 7 ply-180 gsm- RSC 0 No T5 3 ply- 180 gsm- FTHS 2.4 Moderate T6 5 ply- 180 gsm FTHS 0 No T7 7 ply- 180 gsm FTHS 0 No
SEd 0.0115CD (0.05) 0.0236
RSC- regular slotted container FTHS- Full Telescope Half Slotted Carton
Indian strength
Natures boon
Cheap labour
Art
Technical accessibility
Credit facilities and subsidies
Market potential
Domestic demand
Weakness
DRY FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS
Basket
Potpourri
Garland
Cards and Candles
Box Bouquet
Swag
Wreath
Sachet
What dry flower industry needs
• Education and training for people to understand the concept
and product range
• Market survey and information both at domestic and
international market
• Dyeing and Packing technique to be standardized for dry
flower to meet international requirements
• Publicity through multimedia high lighting value addition
