Samantha Bray, Fabrizio Tarantola, and Hae in Lee.University of Winnipeg, Department of Biology, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

REFERENCES

JENNER’S WORK ON VACCINATIONS In May 1796, Jenner encountered Sarah Nelmes, a dairymaid with fresh cowpox lesions (Fig. 2). On May 14th, 1796 he inoculated 8 year old James Phipps, whom had no history of smallpox, with

cowpox matter extracted from Sarah Nelmes lesions. The boy developed mild fever, appetite loss, and axilla discomfort, 9 days later he felt

better.1

In July 1796, Jenner inoculated Phipps with fresh lesions from a smallpox patient. The boy never developed smallpox disease (Fig. 6).

Thus, Jenner concluded the boy was immune to smallpox.10

Figure 2. Cowpox pustules on the hand of Sarah Nelmes.9

Figure 3. Artist portrait of Edward Jenner in Berkeley, Gloucestershire. Shown in the background is dairy cows and milk maids.13

JENNER’S RESEARCH AND CONTRIBUTION TO VACCINATION

In 1798 Jenner published a booklet entitled: An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the VariolaeVaccinae a Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire and Known by the Name of the Cow Pox (Fig. 4).9

Cowpox in Latin is vaccinia, therefore Jenner coined the term of his new procedure vaccination. At first his procedure was unpopular: people did not like being inoculated with diseased matter

from another animal. Slowly doctors began to support vaccination and administer it to their patients, by year 1800 it

was widely accepted all over Europe.9

Jenner spent much of his career promoting vaccination as well as supplying the vaccines all over, since cow pox was quite rare in Europe.10

Although Jenner did not make the initial discovery, he is given credit due to his: Demonstration of the efficacy of vaccination by the subsequent inoculation with

small pox to prove his hypothesis.11

Recommendations to maintain the virus by serial passage in humans.11

Promotion of the vaccine.11

Figure 4. Cover page of Edwards Jenner’s publication called the Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Varioae Vaccinae.13

Introduction to Smallpox Enveloped, linear dsDNA genome (Fig. 1) .1

Caused by two strains:Variola major causes severe symptoms leading to death in 20% to 40% of cases.2

Variola minor causes minor symptoms leading to death in 1% of cases.2

Viral entry is through inhalation of virus in droplets or pustule crust.2

Replication is entirely cytoplasmic.2

Virus initially replicates in respiratory and oropharyngeal mucosa.2

The incubation period generally lasts 7-17 days.3

Macrophages traffic the virus through the blood to the regional lymph nodes.2

Virus enters the blood stream and traffics to the spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes.4

Symptoms: high fever, head/body aches, discomfort, rash forms starting in the mouth and spreads to face and body.2

Rash forms pustules (pox) that dry and form scars and crusts that flake off and infect other individuals.2

History and Epidemiology of Smallpox Caused the death of an estimated 500 million people.5

Egyptian mummies from 1085-1570 B.C exhibited characteristic smallpox scars.5

Used as bioterrorism weapon when colonizers gave smallpox infected blankets to Native Americans that wiped out entire tribes with approximate mortality rates of 90%.5

Smallpox declared eradicated in the 1980, except for two stockpiles kept by the CDC and the Russian Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology.5

Enveloped, linear dsDNA genome (Fig. 1).6

Two inclusion bodies (irregular B type and large A type).8

Replication entirely cytoplasmic with early and late phase.6

Expresses vCCl that reduces host inflammation allowing more time for viral replication.6

Zoonotic transmission by direct contact with cowpox virus in diseased cows.7

Symptoms: mild fever with localized skin lesions on hands (Fig. 2).7

Cowpox epithelial thickening and cell necrosis is reduced in comparison to smallpox.8

Pustular lesions usually regress spontaneously.8

Cowpox can induce antibody production against smallpox virus (Fig. 5).

COWPOX (VACCINIA VIRUS)

Edward Jenner used live cowpox virus from a milkmaids skin lesions to vaccinate James Phipps from the deadly smallpox virus.

Jenner confirmed Phipps immunity to smallpox by inoculating with him with live smallpox virus from an infection patient, which was unsuccessful in producing disease.

Jenner demonstrated and promoted efficacy of vaccination to the public and became a widely accepted practice in Europe by the 1800s.

CONCLUSION

1. “Poxviridae.” Viral Zone ExPASy. Web. 2 Nov 2015.2. Bauman, Robert W., et al. Microbiology with diseases by body system. Pearson, San Francisco, California. 2012: 571-573. 3. “Smallpox disease overview.” Centers for Disease Control and Preventions. Web. 2 Nov 2015.4. Wear, D. J., et. al. Smallpox. Internet Archive Way Back Machine: Armed forces institute of pathology. Web. 6 Nov 2015. 5. Koplow, David A. Smallpox: the fight to eradicate a global scourge. University of California Press, 2003. 1-104. 6. “Cowpox.” Microbewiki. Kenyon College, 15 April 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2015.7. Carroll, Darin S., et al. Chasing Jenner’s Vaccine: Revisiting Cowpox Virus Classification. PLoS ONE 6.8 2011: 1-7.8. “Introduction to Viruses that Infect Humans: The DNA Viruses.” Microbiowiki. 23 Jun 2009. Web. 6 Nov. 2015. 9. Riedel, Stefan. Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 18(1) 2005: 21-25.10.“Dr. Jenner The man who changed the World.” Jenner Museum. Web. 3 Nov 2015. 11. Scientific review of variola virus research, 1999–2010. Alcami, Antonio and Moss, Bernard. s.l. : WHO, December 2010, World Health Organization, pp. 3-4.12. “Smallpox Virus.” MicrobeWiki. 29 July 2015. Web. 8 Nov 2015. 13. “Edward Jenner and the Discovery of Vaccination.” University of South Carolina Libraries Rare Books and Special Collections. Web. 8 Nov 2015.14. Woodland, Robert. (n.d.). Vaccination. (Powerpoint slides). 17 Nov 2015. 15. “Edward Jenner.” WikiWand. n.d. Web. 16 Nov 2015.

Figure 1. Transmission electron micrograph of Orthopoxviridae virion structure.12

SMALLPOX (VARIOLA VIRUS)

Born in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England on May 17, 1749.9

Born the son of Reverend Stephen Jenner the Vicar of Berkeley.9

Attended school in Wotton-under-Edge where he first encountered smallpox.10

Variolation was the preferred method of protection from smallpox at that time.10

He was inoculated with live smallpox virus from the scab of an individual with mild infection and was then isolated in a stable until the infection subsided.10

At 14 he became an apprentice to Daniel Ludlow, a country surgeon in Sodbury.10

In 1764 he apprenticed under George Harwicke, learning medical and surgical skills.9

At 21 he moved to London became a student of famous surgeon John Hunter at St. George’s Hospital.9

In 1792 he earned his MD from University of St. Andrews.15

He studied many other subjects: zoology, geology, hydrogen balloons, violin and poetry.9

EDWARD JENNER'S EARLY YEARS

Figure 6. Jenner’s methodology of utilizing cowpox virus as a protective agent against smallpox virus.15

Figure 5. Basic mechanism by which cowpox induces immunity against smallpox virus.

EDWARD JENNER AND THE SMALLPOX VACCINE