Fruit Tree Crops Phenology

Phenological Monitoring of Selected Horticultural Fruit Tree Crops

ICAR Research Complex for Eastern RegionResearch Centre Ranchi

Project Code: ICAR-RCER/RC Ranchi/2015

PI : Sridhar Gutam

Project duration: Sept. 2015 to August, 2020

Station IRC 2016

18-19, July 2016

Objectives Standardization of phenological monitoring

methods to track tree phenology of horticultural fruit crops.

To evaluate the response of tree phenology of horticultural fruit crops to changing climate.

To evaluate the best management practice for manipulation of the climate change effect on horticultural fruit crops.

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Station IRC 2016 18-19, July 2016

Selected Fruit Trees Bael (Aegle marmelos) Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Jamun (Syzygium cumini) and Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)

18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016

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Technical Programme (2015)Objectives Activity Start End Output

Standardization of phenological monitoring methods to track tree phenology of horticultural fruit crops

Designing the experiment with the help of published methods for phenological monitoring of tree species.

09/15 11/15 Standardised protocol for data recording on all aspects of tree phenology

Daily recording of weather parameters of the experiment location.

09/15 09/20 Weather parameters database

To evaluate the response of tree phenology to changing climate

Periodic recording of phenological observations.

12/15 12/20 Leafing, flowering and fruiting dates of trees

Periodic testing of stem C:N ratios 12/15 12/20 Season & tree wise C:N ratio

Perioidc ‘Ionomics’ - measurement of the total elemental composition of tree branches.

12/15 12/20 Tree Ionomics

Annual data analysis and interpretation

12/15 12/20 Processed data and Publications


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Salient findings5

Station IRC 2016 18-19, July 2016

Weather @ RCER Ranchi

Station IRC 2016

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18-19, July 2016

1-Jan 21-Jan 10-Feb 1-Mar 21-Mar 10-Apr 30-Apr20-May 9-Jun 29-Jun 19-Jul 8-Aug 28-Aug 17-Sep 7-Oct 27-Oct 16-Nov 6-Dec 26-Dec0

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Minimum Temperature (°c) Maximum Temperature (°c) Accumulative Precipitation (mm)

Source: http://www.awhere.com/products/weather-awhere


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1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 1011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113213313413513610

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Min.Temp.(°c)2015 Min.Temp.(°c)2016 Min.Temp.(°c)Avg2008-16Max.Temp.(°c)2015 Max.Temp.(°c)2016 Max.Temp.(°c)Avg2008-16

Weather @ RCER Ranchi

Year AttributeMin. Temp.

(°c)Max. Temp.

(°c)Precip. (mm) Min. RH (%)

Max. RH (%)

Solar Rad. (wh/m2)

2015 Average 19.14 30.66 4.02 45.49 87.21 4688.36

2016 Average 20.09 32.96 3.12 36.82 83.34 5238.67

2015 Count 365 365 365 365 365 365

2016 Count 203 203 203 203 203 203

2015 Max 27.78 42.23 111.4 83.44 100 7235.77

2016 Max 27.27 42.3 92.66 79.28 100 7210.55

2015 Min 5.17 19.34 0 12.93 49.6 2139.26

2016 Min 6.35 18.03 0 6.97 29.03 2105.77

2015 StdDev 5.5 4.57 12.01 15.19 8.15 1131.73

2016 StdDev 5.58 5.32 8.95 16.29 12.55 1200.4218-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016

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BBCh Scale (Extended/Modified)

BBCH-scale - to identify the phenological development stages.

BBCH officially stands for "Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie".

The abbreviation unofficially represents Bayer, BASF, Ciba-Geigy and Hoechst.


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Source: Wikipedia

BBCH scales for Plants


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Source: Wikipedia

BBCH (Scale Proposed)Growth stage Code Description

0: Sprouting/ Bud development

00 Dormancy: leaf buds and the thicker inflorescence buds closed and covered by dark brown scales

01 Beginning of bud swelling

03 End of bud swelling: green scales slightly separated

07 Beginning of bud burst

09 Green leaf tips visible

1: Leaf development 10 First leaves separating: green scales slightly open, leaves emerging

11 First leaves visible

15 More leaves visible, not yet at full size

19 First leaves fully expanded


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3: Shoot development

31 Beginning of shoot growth: axes of developing shoots visible

32 Shoots about 20% of final length

39 Shoots about 90% of final length

5: Inflorescence emergence

51 Inflorescence buds swelling: buds closed, light green scales visible

53 Bud burst: scales separated, floral tips visible

55 Flowers visible, still closed

56 Flower petals elongating; sepals covering half corolla (white bud)

57 Sepals open: petal tips visible; flowers with white or purplish petals, still closed

59 Most flowers with petals forming a hollow ball


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6: Flowering 60 First flowers open

61 Beginning of flowering: about 10% of flowers open

62 About 20% of flowers open



65 Full flowering: 50% of flowers open; first petals falling

67 Flowers fading: majority of petals fallen

69 End of flowering: all petals fallen


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7: Development of fruit

71 Fruit set; beginning of ovary growth;

72 Green fruit surrounded by sepal crown

73 Some fruits slightly yellow: beginning of physiological fruit drop

74 Fruits about 40% of final size. Dark green fruit: end of physiological fruit drop

75 Fruit about half final size

76 Fruit about 60% final size



79 Fruits about 90% of final size


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8: Maturity of fruit 81 Beginning of fruit colouring (colour-break)

83 Colouring advanced

85 Fruit ripe for picking

89 Fruit ripe for consumption: fruit have typical taste and firmness

9: Senescence, beginning of dormancy

91 Shoot growth complete; foliage fully green

92 Leaves begin to discolour

93 Beginning of senescence and abscission of old leaves

95 50% of leaves discoloured

97 All leaves fallen

99 Harvested product


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Bael (Aegle marmelos)


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Bael (Aegle marmelos)


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71 74 7572

51 52 53 57

Bael (Aegle marmelos)Date Phenophases Percent

Population Trees

30/10/2015 Fruiting 100%22/12/2015 Leafing (Copper Leaf) 60%08/03/2016 Leafing (Green), Fruiting (Mature) 80%25/04/2016 Leafing (New Fresh Growth Green),

Inflorescence – Tiny Bud100%

26/04/2016 Flowering Opening, Leafing (20% New Fresh Green Leaves)

100%

05/05/2016 Leafing (50% New Fresh Green Leaves) 100%08/06/2016 Leafing (100% New Fresh Green Leaves) 100%13/07/2016 Fruiting (Developing), Leafing (100% Fully

Developed Green Leaves)100%


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Bael Flowering Trees

Obs. Tree No. Inflorescence Remarks1 Yes Flower Buds2 Yes Flower Buds, Flower Opening3 Yes Flower Buds4 Yes Flower Buds5 Yes Flower Buds


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Bael Tree Canopy (Leaf Growth) – Pixel Analysis by ImageJ Software


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05-05-2016 08-06-2016 13-07-2016

Mean StdDev Mean StdDev Mean StdDev

136.56 58.156 106.482 83.405 128.257 92.384

108.079 69.098 107.031 43.88 97.22 75.922

124.552 66.242 103.048 76.825 104.217 42.451

104.571 59.545 139.284 88.184 115.664 75.407

117.605 66.26 99.001 53.005 105.267 52.031

Jamun (Syzygium cumini)


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11th June 2016

4th May 2016

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73 74 79

726960

Jamun (Syzygium cumini)Date Phenophases Percent of Population04/05/2016 Flowering 100%

Fruit Set (Fertilised Ovary, Fallen Petals, Anthers),

100%

Fruiting (Green) 100%Fruiting (Purple) 100%Fruiting (Black) 100%

04/06/2016 Fruiting (Ripened, Black) 100%


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Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

Date Phenophases06/01/2016 Fruiting (Developing)04/06/2016 Fruiting (Ripen Fruits)


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Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)


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31 32 39

50 51 54 55

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)


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60 6968 71

72 79 91

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)Date Phenophases

03/09/2015 Leafing (100% Fully Developed Green Leaves), Fruiting

11/09/2015 Leafing (Emergence on Old Wood), Fruiting



12/01/2016 Leafing (Emergence on Old Wood)30/03/2016 Senescence (Yellow Leaves)

25/04/2016 Leafing (New Fresh Growth Leaves), Flower Bud

05/05/2016 Leafing (100% Fully Developed New Fresh Growth Green Leaves), Flowering

13/07/2016 Leafing (New), Leafing (100% Fully Developed New Fresh Growth Green Leaves), Flowering, Fruit Development


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Tamarind Phenology 9/6/2016Obs. No.

New Leaf Length (cm)

Mature Leaf Length (cm)

No. of Flowering Panicles

Buds/Panicle

Flowers/Panicle

30 18 15 3 8 249 24 15.5 0 0 047 24 16.2 0 0 043 18.4 11.5 0 0 040 21 30 0 0 045 13 18.5 0 0 049 26.5 15 1 7 242 16 16 2 15 239 23 18 0 0 038 24 15 0 0 0


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Tamarind Phenology 9/6/2016Obs. No.

New Leaf Length

(cm)

Mature Leaf Length (cm)

No. of Flowering Panicles

Buds/Panicle

Flowers/Panicle

33 21.2 22.2 5 12 334 25.3 19.8 5 22 228 17 16.5 3 14 129 40 18.5 2 8 317 26 25.5 2 6 118 28 23 4 8 214 17.5 14 2 8 016 23 14 0 0 0

8 12.5 10 0 0 04 12.5 10 0 0 0


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Mango (Mangifera indica)Variety/Tree Number Date Phenophases (BBCH Scale)

IB/928 Swarnarekha 22/12/2015 514, 517

IB/885 Vanraj 22/12/2015 517

IB/741 Bangalora 22/12/2015 517

IB/895 Kesar 22/12/2015 315

IB/778 vanraj 02/01/2016 517

IB/767 Zardalu 30/03/2016 619

IB/807 Fazali 30/03/2016 701

Jardalu 21/04/2016 615, 800

Amrapali 21/04/2016 800


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Other Tree CropsFruit Tree Date Phenophases

Cashew 25/04/2016 Flowering, Fruiting

Plum 04/03/2016 Leafing, Flowering (100%)

30/03/2016 Leafing (100%), Fruiting (Green)

21/04/2016 Leafing (100%), Fruiting (Orange)

Citrus 08/03/2016 Flower Buds, Flower Opening30/03/2016 Flower Buds, Flower Opening, Fertilized Ovary

Guava 01/11/2014 Flowering, Leafing (Old Leaves)

30/03/2016 Leafing (New Fresh Leaf Growth), Flower Bud

13/07/2016 Flowering, Leafing (New Leaves)

Peach 12/11/2014 Flowering

30/10/2015 Leafing

30/03/2016 Leafing (Bud), Fruiting


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Other Tree CropsFruit Tree Date Phenophases

Pear 30/03/2016 Leafing (Fully Developed Green Leaves), Flowering, Fruit Set

Pomegranate 30/03/2016 Leafing (Fully Developed Green Leaves)

26/05/2016 Flowering

Sapota 30/03/2016 Leafing (Fully Developed Green Leaves), Flower Bud, Flower Opening, Fruit Set, Fruit (Development)

Teak 09/07/2016 Flowering

Bamboo 14/01/2016 Flowering (Ranchi)

03/03/2016 Flowering (Bundu)


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Pear (Pyrus sp.) Phenology

Technical Programme (2016)Objectives Activity Start End Output

Standardization of phenological monitoring methods to track tree phenology of horticultural fruit crops

Designing the experiment with the help of published methods for phenological monitoring of tree species.

09/15 11/15 Standardised protocol for data recording on all aspects of tree phenology

Daily recording of weather parameters of the experiment location.

09/15 09/20 Weather parameters database

To evaluate the response of tree phenology to changing climate

Periodic recording of phenological observations.

12/15 12/20 Leafing, flowering and fruiting dates of trees

Periodic testing of stem C:N ratios 12/15 12/20 Season & tree wise C:N ratio

Perioidc ‘Ionomics’ - measurement of the total elemental composition of tree branches.

12/15 12/20 Tree Ionomics

Annual data analysis and interpretation

12/15 12/20 Processed data and Publications


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THANK YOU

ICAR Research Complex for Eastern RegionResearch Centre Ranchi

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18-19, July 2016

Science

Fruit Tree Crops Phenology