getting ready to hatch eggs

GETTING READY TO HATCH EGGS

Luthfi D. Mahfudz

Poultry Science LaboratoryFaculty of Animal and Agriculture Science

Diponegoro UNiversity

Starting Eggs Incubation

• Test the incubator before putting eggs into it for about twenty-four hours to make sure the temperature and humidity staysconsistent within the incubator.

• The incubator should be placed indoors and the room shouldproper ventilation and the ability for moving air.

• Place the eggs into an incubator. The temperature will naturallygo down in the incubator for the first few hours. Do not adjustthe temperature for the first 48 hours after setting the eggs. Theincubation period is about 21 days.

• Keep the temperature steady at about 100 degrees Fahrenheit ina forced-air incubator.

• In a still-air incubator, the temperature should be kept at about102 degrees Fahrenheit.

• Set the humidity at 58 to 60% and then increase it to65% when the eggs start hatching.

• Turn the eggs about half a turn four to six times a day. However, do not turn the eggs within three days of hatching. Never set eggs with the small ends pointing upward.

• All the eggs should hatch within about twenty-four hours.

• Do not help any of the chicks out of the shells once the eggs start hatching. Chicks need to work their own way out of the egg for proper maturity.

• Clean the incubator after the eggs have hatched and before reusing the incubator.

Troubleshooting Problems with Hatching Chickens

• Lots of Infertile Eggs

It is normal for around 5% of eggs to be infertile. Higher rates point to poor egg storage and handling prior to setting, or suboptimal breeding bird management and/or fertility

• Lots of QuittersRuling out a power failure as the cause, other factors can be inbreeding or nutritional deficiencies in the parent birds, rough handling of the incubating eggs, viral infection of the eggs, using dirty eggs, or poor incubator hygiene.

• Eggs Pip but Fail to Hatch

If your chicks develop all the way up to pipping and then quit, it is normally because they have been weakened by a suboptimal incubation environment.

Symptoms of incubation /breeder management problems

• Clear eggs with no visible embryonic development.• Blood rings in incubated eggs.• Many dead embryos at an early stage.• Chicks fully formed, but dead without pipping.• Pipped eggs, but died without hatching.• Early hatching.• Late hatching or not hatching uniformly.• Sticky embryos.• Embryos sticking or adhering to shell.• Crippled and malformed chicks.• Abnormal, weak, or small chicks.• Chicks with labored breathing.• Large, soft-bodied mushy chicks.• Rough or unhealed navels on chicks.• Short down on chicks.• Excessive yellow down color.

http://msucares.com/poultry/reproductions/trouble.html
















Trouble shooting

Symptoms Probable Cause Corrective measures

Clear Eggs with no embryonic development (infertile)

Males undernourished Follow a recommended feeding program to provide adequate nutrition. Replace underweight males with vigorous ones

Too few males Increase the number of males in the flock.

Seasonal decline in fertility Use young cockerels more resistant to environmental stress.

Competition among breeding males

Do not use too many males. Rear all males together. Place temporary partitions within large pens.

Diseased flock Conduct an approved disease control program.

Frozen combs and wattles Provide comfortable housing. Properly select and maintain drinking fountains.

Old males Replace with younger males.

Trouble shooting


Blood rings Improper storage Follow recommended egg storage and gathering recommendations.

Improper incubation temperatures

Check thermometer accuracy and incubator functions. Follow recommended temperature settings.

Improper breeder nutrition

Feed breeders a diet with balanced nutrient levels.

Improper fumigation Follow fumigation recommendations.

Trouble shooting


Clear Eggs with no embryonic development (infertiles)

Selected mating in pens Artificially inseminate infertile hens. Replace males in the pen/house.

Male sterility Replace males in the pen/house.

Crowded breeders Provide recommended floor space, at least 3 ft²/bird.

Improper artificial insemination techniques or use of old/over-diluted semen.

Follow recommendations of primary breeder company.

Eggs damaged by environment

Gather eggs frequently (at least once daily).

Eggs stored too long or incorrectly

Store eggs at 50-60 degrees F. and 60% relative humidity. Incubate eggs within 7 days of lay.

Trouble shootingSymptoms Probable Cause Corrective measures

Many dead embryos at early stages

Improper incubation temperatures (usually too high)

Follow recommended incubation temperatures.

Improper egg turning Turn at least 3 times daily.

Inherited low hatchability Avoid cross breeding. May need to secure different breeding stock.

Improper ventilation Increase ventilation rate in incubator and/or room, but avoid drafts. Add oxygen at high altitudes.

Pullorum disease or other salmonelloses

Use eggs from disease-free sources. Have NPIP representatives blood-test the breeder flock.

Improper nutrition of breeders

Provide a well-balanced nutritional diet to breeders.

Trouble shooting


Late hatching or not hatching uniformly

Low incubation temperatures


Warm and cool spots in incubator due to faulty design

Contact incubator company or obtain a different incubator design.

Old or improperly stored eggs

Gather eggs frequently, cool immediately and store eggs properly. Do not store longer than 7 days.

Trouble shooting


Sticky embryos (embryos may be smeared with egg contents)

High average incubation humidity

Follow recommended incubation humidity. Check size of air cell as an indicator for adjusting humidity condition.

Low incubation temperature

Follow recommended temperature settings

Lethal genes Avoid cross breeding. May need to secure different breeding stock.

Inadequate ventilation Increase ventilation rate in incubator and/or room, but avoid drafts.

Improper fumigation of eggs

Fumigate eggs by following the procedure carefully.

Trouble shooting


Embryos sticking or adhering to shell

Low incubation humidity (especially during hatching)

Increase incubation humidity by increasing water evaporation. Embryos dried too much.

Excessive ventilation rate

Reduce ventilation rate but maintain minimum air exchange to prevent suffocation of embryos.

Trouble shooting


Crippled and malformed chicks

Improper incubation temperatures (usually too high)


Low incubation humidity Increase incubation humidity by increasing water evaporation. Embryos dried too much.

Improper egg setting position or turning during incubation

Set eggs with small ends down. Turn eggs at least 3 times daily. Do not turn eggs within 3 days of hatching.

Heredity Proper culling and breeding practices will reduce problems.

Slick hatching trays Use trays with wire floors or place crinoline on hatching surface.


Provide a well-balanced nutritional diet to breeders.

Trouble shooting


Abnormal, weak, or small chicks

High incubation or hatching temperatures


Small eggs hatch small chicks

Set only standard or large sized eggs.

Insufficient incubation humidity

Maintain recommended humidity for species of bird incubated..

Improper ventilation in hatcher unit

Increase ventilation rate, but avoid drafts.

Diseased or poorly conditioned breeder flock

Use eggs from disease-free sources only. Have NPIP representatives blood-test the breeder flock.


Provide a well-balanced nutritional diet to breeders (especially vitamin levels).

Excessive fumigation in hatcher

Fumigate using proper procedures.

Trouble shooting

Symptoms' Probable Cause Corrective measures

Chicks with labored breathing

Excessive use of fumigant

Follow recommended fumigation procedures.

Respiratory diseases Check disease status of breeder flock. Conduct a thorough cleanup and disinfection of incubator and hatching facilities.

Trouble shooting


Large, soft-bodied mushy chicks; dead on trays; bad odor

Low average incubation temperature Poor ventilation

Follow recommended incubation temperatures. Increase ventilation rate in incubator and/or room, but avoid drafts.

Navel infection (Omphalitis)

Clean and disinfect incubator and hatching units between settings of eggs. Maintain dry hatching trays. Properly store and fumigate eggs.

Trouble shooting


Rough or unhealed navels

Improper incubation temperatures


High hatching humidity

Maintain proper humidity.

Navel infection (Omphalitis)

Clean and disinfect incubator and hatching units between settings of eggs. Maintain dry hatching trays. Properly store and fumigate eggs.

Trouble shooting


Short down on chicks High incubation temperatures


Low incubation humidity

Follow suggestions to correct insufficient humidity.

Excessive ventilation Reduce vent openings to restrict but maintain adequate air exchange.

Holding chicks in Hatcher too long after hatching

Remove all chicks as soon as fluffy but within 24 hours after hatching.

Trouble shooting


Excessive yellow coloring of down

Improper and excessive fumigation in Hatcher unit

Follow recommended fumigation procedures.

Diapauses

• Period of time between ovipositionand incubation

• Physical Egg Conditions,

–Embryo & Cell Division

–Storage Conditions

Gastrulation in the Chicken

Gastrulation in the Chicken, cont.


1. Yolk Sac

Functions:

• Absorption of nutrients from the

yolk and transfer to the embryo.

•Respiratory organ

2. Yolk Sac Membrane

Function:

• Site for synthesis of specific proteins

• Amino acids, blood

• Lymphoid precursor cells for thymus and Bursa of Fabricius

• Glycogen storage site

• Temporary excretory organ

3. Yolk Sac Functions:

• Embryo digestion

• The yolk sac is an extension of the embryo's gut no yolk materials pass directly to the embryo

•Nutrients taken up by endoderm, transferred to mesoderm blood vessels then transported to the embryo

•First 5 days, the yolk sac serves as respiratory organ.

a. All embryonic layers originate from

Epiblast

b. At gastrulation, cells from Epiblast

migrate down between Epiblast &

Hypoblast

c. Presumptive Mesodermal cells remain

between Epiblast & Hypoblast

d. Presumptive Endoderm formed by cells

migrating down into Hypoblast

Primary Germ layer Completion


Epiblast gives rise

to all 3 Germ

Layers

Where do Cells on the Surface of the

Blastoderm end up (in Germ Layers)

Presumptive areas studied by;

1. Marking with Dye

a. India Ink injection

dye picked up by cells

b. Radioisotope labeling of an embryo

c. Transplantation of labeled blastoderm

Primary Embryonic Tissue Layers

• What types of tissues and organs result from the formation of the Ectoderm; Mesoderm; and Ento/Endoderm?

ZYGOTE

BLASTULA

GASTRULAECTODERM ENDODERM

Embryonic Gut

Epidermis and Brain andAssociated strutures Nervous System Inner Lining of Inner Lining of(Skin, hairs, nails, ect) Digestive Tract Respiratory Tract

Glands including(Liver and Pancreas)

MESODERMNotochord Somites

Muscle Outer covering ofInternal organs

Excretory GonadesSystem

Mesenchyme(Loose, Migratory Cells)

Dermis Bone and Cartilage(Inner Skin Layers)

Circulatory System(Heart, Blood vessels)

notochord adalah tali saraf dorsalis pada saat perkembangan embrio. hewan yang memiliki notochord pada sebagian atau seluruh fase hidupnya dimasukkan kedalam Filum Chordata

The notochord is a flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo.

Deskripsi Notochord : Poros rangka, terdiri atas pembuluh jaringan ikat, berisi sel-sel besar yang letaknya di bawah nerve cord dan terjadi pada beberapa tingkat perkembangan semua kordata.

a flexible rodlike structure that forms the supporting axis of the body in the lowest chordates and lowest vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates.

An elastic cartilagelike rod which is developed beneath the medullary groove in the vertebrate embryo, and constitutes the primitive axial skeleton around which the centra of the vertebræ and the posterior part of the base of the skull are developed; the chorda dorsalis. See Illust. of Ectoderm.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoderm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo

24 h Embryo

33 h Embryo

48 h Embryo

33 h Developments

• Erythrocytes form in extra embryonic mesoderm,

• Appear in patches, blood islets/islands (BI)

• BI’s caudal to the embryo

• Peripheral cells of BI aggregates form endothelium that constitute walls of the blood vessel

• Blood vessels constitute vitelline blood supply, extra vascular blood supply

• Heart formation is occurring

72 h Embryo

1 = Telencephalon

2 = Diencephalon

3 = Mesencephalon

4 = Metencephalon

5 = Myelencephalon

* = Otic capsule

^ = Olfactory pit

Staging Embryos,

Hamburger Hamilton Stages