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HOW TO A PAPER
Karim Elghanam
Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University
August 16, 2015
ENJOY
3
Why are you going to read a scientific
paper ??
How To Read A Paper
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What is the type of the paper you are going
to read ??
How To Read A Paper
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Finally
HOW .. ?
How To Read A Paper
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Why
What
How
How To Read A Paper
7 How To Read A Paper
1. Why
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“ Enhancement of clinician skills not only to read
papers but to read the right paper at the right
time then to alter your behavior in the light of
what you have found! “
Prof. Trisha Greenhalgh
How To Read A Paper
1-My clinical skills
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2- To be updated
10 How To Read A Paper
3- Searching for ideas
Formulating my idea !!
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4- I’m a researcher
12 How To Read A Paper
1. Try to simulate this paper
2. Formulating my idea
3. Read some ethical consideration !
4. Reading his methodology
5. See his questionnaire.
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6. Read the discussion
7. Get reference
8. Get Author’s contact
9. Know where to publish my paper
10. To write my paper
11. …etc
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5- I’m doing a systematic review..!
Flow Chart
Inclusion & Exclusion criteria
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5- I want to waste sometimes..! :D
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2. What
How To Read A Paper
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Types of Medical Research
How To Read A Paper Bernd Röhrig, et al.
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Types of papers
How To Read A Paper
Guidelines
Systematic reviews
RCT
Narrative reviews
Case series
Case reports
Questionnaire based studies
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3. How
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Anatomy of scientific Paper
How To Read A Paper
Anatomy
of a Paper
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I. Title
II. Authors
III. Abstract
IV. Introduction
V. Methodology
VI. Results
VII. Discussion
VIII. Conclusions
IX. References
X. Acknowledgements
XI. Conflict of interest
XII. Recommendations
XIII. limitations
How To Read A Paper
Introduction
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General background
What is known
What is unknown
Aim of Paper
1
2
3
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Cummins RO: Learning to write: Can books help?
J Med Educ 1981;56:128–132
Funnel..!
How To Read A Paper
Methodology
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Description of;
what was needed to do this work ?
How it was done ?
Give you enough information to replicate the
study
How To Read A Paper
Methodology
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• Population And Sample
Age
Sex
Number Of Patient
• Investigation
• Intervention
• Questionnaire description
• Study Design
• Ethical Approval
• Statistical Analysis
How To Read A Paper
Results
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Report his results
Tables and graphs
Statistical results
How To Read A Paper
Results
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No interpretation, No comparison.
Reporting negative results ! (Don’t neglect this).
Don’t depend on text alone or figures alone.
How To Read A Paper
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Interpretation of major findings
Explains how the findings relate to those of
others?
Clinical relevance of the findings?
Limitations and how this influenced the study?
Discussion
How To Read A Paper
Discussion
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How will the researcher overcome these in the
next studies?
Explains the implications of findings
What would be the next step in the study ?
How To Read A Paper
Horton R: The hidden research paper. JAMA 2002;2775_2778
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Conflict of interest
Fund
Participation of specific authors
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Contributions that do not justify authorship.
Technical help.
Financial and material support.
Acknowledgment
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Conclusion
Shows that the of the author hypotheses has been
met or not !
Drug A is more potent than drug B
How To Read A Paper
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Abstract
Summarizes the main points :
• Background(only hint)
• Objective/ Aim
• Study design, method
• Summarize the main results
• Principal conclusions, implications
How To Read A Paper
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Abstract
BUT
Depend and Not Depend on it !!
How To Read A Paper
Reference
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Is Reference important to you to take a look on ?!!
How To Read A Paper
35 How To Read A Paper
3. How
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37 How To Read A Paper
1- Learn to read critically:
Don’t just assume that a paper
in Science is correct…!
Read critically
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1. Is the study question relevant?
2. Does the study add new knowledge?
3. What type of research question is being asked?
4. Was the study design appropriate to the
research question?
5. Was bias addressed?
How To Read A Paper
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6. Was the study performed according to the
original protocol?
7. Did the study test a stated hypothesis?
8. Were the statistical analyses performed
correctly?
9. Do the data justify the conclusions?
10. Are there conflicts of interest?
Read critically
How To Read A Paper
40 How To Read A Paper
2- Learn to read Creatively::
What are the good ideas in this paper?
Do these ideas have other applications or extensions?
Can the result make change in the further ?
Are there possible improvements might make
important practical differences?
Will you go to simulate this paper ??!!
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3- Take notes !
Be sure that you will forget !
• Electronic notes
• Mendeley
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Then, Let’s start
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What to Start with ??!!
44 How To Read A Paper
why are you going to read this paper ?
What do you need from it ?
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1- Take a look on;
Journal name
Author’s affiliation
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2- Begin with introduction not ABSTRACT
To Take a good background
Aim of the paper ( Research Q. )
Research Question ( PICO )
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• P: Population
• I: Intervention
• C: Comparison
• O: Outcome
How To Read A Paper
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3- Methodology
What are the authors going to do to answer
the specific question(s)?
Concentrate on Details ( population, ethical
consideration, sample size, tools …. Etc.)
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4- Results
1. The results are summarized in the figures and tables
BUT
It’s Not enough
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5- Discussion
You may need to do this or not
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6- Then Return to the Abstract !
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FB: Karim Elghanam
Contact Me 52
Hope Happiness finds you when you don’t Expect to find it .
