DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY,INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL

SCIENCES,RGSC, BHU, BARKACHHA,MIRZAPUR

IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON NATURAL ENEMIES OF CROP-PESTS &

WEEDS( PARASITOIDS, PREDATORS &

PATHOGENS )CROP PROTECTION : EAZ(E-421)

SPEAKER :Kritika

ID No.- r-12013B.Sc.(Ag.)4th year,2nd

semester

PRESENTATION

ON

COMMON NATURAL ENEMIES OF CROP-PESTS & WEEDS

( PARASITOIDS, PREDATORS & PATHOGENS )

“NATURAL ENEMY” – Source of Biocontrol

Organisms that feed upon the notorious organisms(pests or weeds)

affecting the crops as well as the natural resources.

These are necessarily categorised as “BENEFICIAL INSECTS”.

NATURAL ENEMYENTOMOPHAGOUS NATURAL ENEMY

PARASITOIDS

PREDATORS

PHYTOPHAGOUS NATURAL ENEMY(WEED-KILLERS)

WEED-KILLERS

PATHOGENS

Parasites on insect-pests

PREDATORS PARASITOIDS PATHOGENSStronger, larger and more intelligent than prey.

Smaller and not as intelligent as host.

Micro-organisms

Very active in habits Sluggish once the host is secured

Active on acquiring host’s body

Habitat independent of prey Habitat made & determined by host

Habitat made & determined by host

Siezes & devours the prey rapidly

Lives on or in the host body killing it slowly

Lives in the host body killing it slowly

Depends on prey only for food & nutrition

Depends for food & protection at least during one stage of its life-cycle

Depends upon host for food , shelter & protection & completes its life-cycle and reproduce in host body

Well-developed sense organs & special structural adaptation for catching the prey

Poorly developed sense organs & ovipositor well-developed

No such adaptations nor developed sense-organs required

Attacks on prey to obtain food for itself except wasps

It is provision of food to its offspring

Provision of nutrition to itself as well as its offspring (reproduction)

Table : Difference between predators, parasitoids & pathogens

PREDATORS PARASITOIDS PATHOGENSA single predator attacks several hosts in a short period

a single host may shelter a no of parasitoids

A single host is attacked by a no. of pathogens

Long life-cycle Short life-cycle Shorter life-cycle

A generalized feeder except a few with casual attacking on prey

Host specialization attacking with proper planning

Host specialization but no is such planning evident , naturally its accidental

Behavioural adaptations with crytic colouration found to fool the prey

No such behavioural adaptations found

No such adaptations found

Continued :

Ex. - Larvae of green lace wing

Ex. - Braconid wasp Ex. – Entomopathegenic nematode

PREDATORS

PREDATORS

Order Dictyoptera

Order Hemiptera

Order Neuroptera

Order Diptera

Order Coleoptera

Order Hymenoptera

Order Odonata Sub-order Anisoptera

Sub-order Zygoptera

Family : Mantidae

Pentatomidae Miridae Reduviidae

Veliidae Belostomatidae

Fam. : Chrysopidae

Fam. : Myrmeliontidae

Fam. : Syrphidae

Fam. : Asilidae

Coccinellidae carabidae cicindellidae Staphylinidae

Vespidae Sphecidae Formicidae

FAMILIES

FAMILIES

FAMILIES

Ex. - Damselfly

Ex. - Dragonfly

PREDATORS ORDER FAMILY HOST

Damselflies Odonata Anisoptera Mosquitoes, flies, moths

Dragonflies Odonata Zygoptera Mosquitoes, moths, flies

Praying mantids Dictyoptera Mantidae Flies, grasshoppers, caterpillars

Aphid lions or green lace wings

Neuroptera Chrysopidae Aphids, jassids, coccids, mites or other soft-bodied insects

Mud wasps Hymenoptera Vespidae Caterpillars, honey-bees

Digger wasps Hymenoptera Sphecidae Caterpillars, honey-bees

Ants Hymenoptera Formicidae Soft-bodied insects,insect eggsPhycitids Lepidoptera Phycitidae Castor slug(Parasa lepida)

Hover flies Diptera Syrphidae Aphids

Maggots Diptera Cryptochetidae Coccids

Lady bird beetles Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccids & soft-bodied insects

Ground beetles Coleoptera Carabidae Coconut BHC, Orthaga exvinacea

Tiger beetles Coleoptera Cicindellidae Variety of insects

Rove beetles Coleoptera Staphylinidae Small insects

Reduviid bug Hemiptera Reduviidae Small insects, caterpillars, red cotton bug

Table : Common Predators of crop-pests

Predator Family Pest targetedOrder ColeopteraCoccinella septumpunctata

coccinellidae

Aphids

Crptolaemus montrouzieri Grapevine mealybugs

Rodolia cardinalis Icerya purchasi

Menochilus sexmaculata Mealybugs & scales

Chilocorus nigritus Melanispis glomerata, Aspidiotus destructor

Scymnus coccivora Mealybugs

Order Hemiptera Platymeris laevicollis Reduviidae Orycetes rhinoceros

Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Miridae Niloparvata lugens

Eucanthecona furcelleta Pentatomidae Amsacta albistriga

Table : Predators specific to pests

PARASITOIDS

Parasitoids

Order Diptera Order Hymenoptera Order Lepidoptera

Fam. : Tachinidae

Ichneumonoidea Chalcidoidea Bethyloidea

Ichneumoidae

Braconidae

Chalcididae

Trichogrammatidae

Eulophidae

Bethylidae

Fam. : Epiricanidae Superfamilies

Order Strepsiptera

Parasitoids

Based on the sheltering of parasite

Based on the specificity of parasite

Based on the stage parasite attacks

Endoparasitoid Egg parasitoid

Oligophagous Ectoparasitoid

Polyphagous

Monophagous

Larval parasitoid

Pupal parasitoid

Adult parasitoid

Egg parasitoid Adult parasitoid Larval parasitoid

Types of parasitism in parasitoidsSimple parasitism

Superparasitism

Multiparasitism

Hyperparasitism

Inimical to beneficial insects and thereby to man

Cleptoparasitism

Parasitoid Family Host Egg parasitoidTrichogramma chilonis(oligophagous) Trichogrammaridae

(monophagous)

(polyphagous)

Sugarcane internode borer, Cotton bollworm, Tomato fruit borer, Rice leaffolder, Rice stem borer

Trichogramma japonicum Rice stem borer

Trichogramma achae Lepidopteran pests

Telenomus remus Scleoniidae Tobacco caterpillar

Egg-larval parasitoidChelonus blackburni Braconidae Eggs of spotted bollworm

Copidosoma koehleri Encyrtidae Potato tuber mothLarval parasitoidEriborus trochanteratus Ichneumonidae Coconut BHC

Cotesia plutellaBraconidae

DBM

Bracon hebtor & B.brevicornis Coconut BHC

Goniozus nephantidis Bethylidae Coconut BHCPlatygaster oryzae Platygasteridae Rice gall midge

Table : Parasitoids of some crop pests

Parasitoid Family Host

Larval pupal parasitoid

Isotima javensis Ichneumonidae Pre-pupal parasite of sugarcane top shoot borer

Tetrastichus israeli & trichospilus pupivora

Eulophidae Cocnut BHC

Brachymeria nephantidis Chalcididae Coconut BHC

Nymphal & adult parasitoid

Encarsia formosa

Aphelinidae

Cotton whitefly

Aphelinus mali Apple wooly aphid

Encarsia perniciosi San jose scale

Epiricania melanoleuca Epiricanidae(epipyrodae) Sugarcane pyrilla

Continued :

Isotima javensisFamily: Ichneumonidae, Order : Hymenoptera

Cotesia flavipesFam: Braconidae,

Order: Hymenoptera

Brachymeria nephantidisFam: Chalcididae,

Order: Hymenoptera

Trichogramma chilonisFam: Trichogrammatidae

Order: Hymenoptera

Tetrastychus israeliFam: Eulophidae, Ord:

Hymenoptera

Goniozus nephantidisFam: Bethylidae, Ord: Hymenoptera

Sturmiopsis inferensFam: Tachinidae,

Ord: Diptera

Examples of parasitoids

PATHOGENS

PATHOGENS

BACTERIA FUNGI VIRUS NEMATODE PROTOZOA

Spore forming (facultative)

Non-spore forming

Spore forming (obligate)

Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus popilliae

Serratia entomophila on grubs

Green muscardine fungus

White muscardine fungus

White halo fungus

NPV

GV

Nematode bacteria complex

DD136

(Nucleopolyhedro viruses)

(Granular viruses)

Green muscaridine infected larvae

Viruses coming under family Baculoviridae cause disease in Lepidoptera larvae.

SYMPTOM :

VIRUS

VIRUS HOST NPV Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura

GV Chilo infuscatellus

Fig. : Tree top disease in lepidopterous larva

larva become sluggish, pinkish in colour, lose appetite, body becomes fragile and rupture to release polyhedra (virus occlusion bodies). Tree top disease in larvae

FUNGUS• Disease caused by fungus –

Mycosis• Infected insect mummified , hard,

covered with filamentous hyphae

Green muscardine fungus - Metarhizium anisopliae attack coconut rhinoceros beetle

White muscardine fungus – Beaveria bassiana against lepidopteran larvae

White halo fungus - Verticillium lecanii on coffee green

Fig. : Infected stages of rhinoceros beetle with Metarhizium

Nematode bacteria complex - form a disease complex in insects

Nematode - Steinernema carpocapsae + Bacterium– Achromobacter nematophilus

Nematode Heterorhabditis indica + Bacterium Photorhabdus sp.

DD136 discovered by Dutky and Hough 1955 against codling moth

NEMATODE

Heterorhabditis nematode infected wax-worm cadevers

PROTOZOAProtozoa Hosts Farinocystis triboli Tribolium castaneum

Nosemma bombycis grasshoppers and crickets

Importance of Beneficial Nematodes

WEED-KILLERS Insects feeding upon noxious & menacing weeds

•Should not be a pest of any cultivated plants• Should be effective in damaging & controlling the weeds• Preferably be a borer or internal feeder of the weeds• Should be able to multiply largely without being affected by parasites or predators

Characteristics of a successful weed-killers :

Weed-killer insect Family Order Weed

Dactylopious opuntiae Dactylopidae Hemiptera Prickly pear(opuntia dilleni)

Zygogramma bicolorata Chrysomelidae Coleoptera Congress or carrot grass(parthenium hysterophorus)

Ophiomyia lantanae Tortricidae Lepidoptera Lantana camera

Teleonemia scrupulosa Tingidae Hemiptera Lantana camera

Pareuchates pseudoinsulata

Arctiiidae Lepidoptera Siam weed (chromolaena odorata)

Cryptobagus singularis Curculionidae Coleoptera Water fern(salvinia molesta)

Neochetina eichorniea & N. bruchiOrthoglaumna terebrantis(mite)

Curculionidae Coleoptera water hyacinth(Eichorrnia crassipes)

Table : some common weed-killers of most noxious weeds

Dactylopious opuntiae Ophiomyia species

Neochetina bruchi

CONCLUSION :Predators, parasitoids, pathogens and weed-killers are the beneficial

insects since they are invasive to the unwanted threats (crop-pests & weeds) of the crops.

They should be mass-multiplied since they are very helping in controlling the crop-pests and most noxious invasive weeds.

A natural tool to control the pests & weeds replacing the poisonous & polluting chemicals being used in agriculture.

Use of beneficial insects is a best way to enrich the biodiversity besides protecting our crops.

Thank you