IECER 2016 06-09.09.2016

Tobias Bürger & Christine Volkmann 1

14th Interdisciplinary European Conference on Entrepreneurship Research

Track G: Cultural Entrepreneurship

Tobias Bürger & Christine VolkmannUNESCO Chair for Entrepreneurship and Intercultural

Management & Chair for Entrepreneurship and Economic Development

University of WuppertalFaculty of Management and Economics

Schumpeter School of Business and EconomicsGaußstraße 20

42119 WuppertalGermany


CONTEXTUALISING CULTURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

RESEARCH-IN-PROGRESS PAPER


Agenda

1. Introduction2. Methods3. Findings4. Limitations and contribution


1. Introduction

Relevance:• Academics increasingly emphasize the need to study entrepreneurship and

entrepreneurial phenomena with regard to contextual factors/the entrepreneurial environment (Shane, 2003, Isenberg, 2011). From a contextualized perspective, the relevance as well as the determinants, processes and outcomes of entrepreneurship depend on context conditions (Phan, 2004, Davidsson, 2006, Autio and Acs, 2010, Welter, 2011, Autio et al., 2014).

• Recently published articles provide typologies of the entrepreneurial environment emphasizing the need to implement different dimensions of context in entrepreneurship or sector studies (Welter, 2011, Zahra & Wright, 2011, Autio et al., 2014).


1. Introduction

Problem Statement:• In cultural entrepreneurship research, entrepreneurial phenomena have been

excessively studied in different contexts, raising the need to systematically gather and assess knowledge of the contextualized perspective of cultural entrepreneurship to identify the status quo, new directions and challenges for future research.

Research objectives:• Provide an overview of the current state of cultural entrepreneurship research and

the impact/ effect of contextResearch questions:1) What is the intellectual knowledge base of cultural entrepreneurship research?2) What is the role of context in stimulating cultural entrepreneurship, as well as its impact on (the outcomes of) entrepreneurial activities in the cultural sector.


2. Methods

Research design:• Systematic literature review (SLR) of cultural entrepreneurship research (CER) as a

field of research and its context dimensions. • Our SLR follows a three-stage process.1) Provide a replicable review protocol of the literature search strategy2) Mapping the field3) Reporting the findings


2. Methods

1. Review protocol:• The literature search strategy is disclosed by providing replicable review protocols

of the literature search process undertaken in this study. 2. Mapping the field (RQ1):• In order to map cultural entrepreneurship research, the assessed body of literature

is evaluated with respect to the static and dynamic characteristics that reflect qualitative and quantitative developments, advancements and liabilities of the field (Tranfield et al., 2003, Landström et al. 2006, Cornelius et al. 2006, Macpherson & Holt, 2007).

3. Reporting the findings (RQ2):• In this section the (preliminary) findings of the systematic literature review are

reported. The findings of the context dimensions are drawn and synthesized using content analysis of the ‘scientific core’ of cultural entrepreneurship research (Tranfield, et al. 2003, Macpherson & Holt, 2007, Pittaway & Cope, 2007, Mayring, 2010).


2. Methods

1. Review protocol:- Search string used: ‘(“cultural entrepr*”)’ OR ‘(“creative entrepr*”)’- Inclusion criteria: • Definitions and phenomena of cultural entrepreneurship • Type of publication: Peer reviewed journal papers, and articles in editorial books,

working papers, monographic books, dissertations, grey and green literature, and major conference proceeding

• Publication period: no limitation-2014• Languages: German and English- Data processing


2. Methods

Host/Publisher

Database(s)

Number of entries based on

search string

Type of Publications indexed

Data range

EBSCO

RePEc

Elsevier

Babson College

Google

RePEc

ProQuest

SpringerLink

SpringerLink

Web of Science

USASBE

WISO

Business Souce Elite

EconPapers

Science Direct

Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research

Google Scholar

IDEAS

Dissertation & Thesis A&I

E-Book (German)

E-Book (English)

SCI-Expanded, SSCI, A&AHCI

Conference Proceedings

All Media

77

135

295

167

1.048

2.122

258

347

32

72

n/s

77

Journals

Journals, Books&Chapters and Working-Paper

Journals and Books&Chapters

Conference Proceedings & -papers

All (including theses)


Dissetations & Theses

E-Books & -chapters

E-Books & -chapters

Journal- & Conference Paper


Journals, E-books & - Chapters, non-academic publications

1985-2014

n/s

n/s

1981-2014

n/s

n/s

1939-2014

2005- 2014

2005-2010

1945-2014

1997-2014

n/s

Search protocol


3. Findings

3.1 Mapping Cultural Entrepreneurship as a field of research:• Historical sketch of CER that reflect the contentual efforts to develop a intellectual

knowledge base (N=217)• Evaluation of the scientific core of CER (N=49) in terms of the geographical

coverage, methods applied and research objects.


3. Findings

Citation matrix (N=217) 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1996 1995 1991 1990 1988 1985 1984 1983 1982 1980 1971 1969 Year

Year Quantities 217 20 8 15 31 23 8 14 29 17 9 7 3 5 1 7 4 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 Quantities Year1969 1 0 0 1 19691971 1 0 0 0 1 19711980 1 0 0 0 0 1 19801982 2 1 1 0 0 0 2 19821983 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 19831984 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 19841985 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 19851988 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 19881990 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 19901991 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 19911995 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 19951996 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 19961999 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 19992000 7 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 7 20002001 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 20012002 5 4 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 20022003 3 4 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 20032004 7 13 1 1 4 1 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 20042005 9 10 0 0 2 3 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 20052006 17 29 0 2 0 1 10 4 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 20062007 27 42 2 0 4 1 1 11 2 15 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 27 20072008 14 30 0 1 1 1 1 1 12 3 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 14 20082009 8 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 20092010 23 50 0 0 1 11 3 1 3 2 6 6 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 23 20102011 31 78 2 1 0 1 12 6 13 1 3 19 1 10 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 31 20112012 15 42 0 4 2 0 1 6 4 3 0 2 9 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 15 20122013 8 14 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 20132014 20 62 0 2 4 8 6 0 4 6 5 3 1 2 5 2 8 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 20 2014

Internal Sum 393 0 2 4 15 11 2 8 39 20 28 8 15 86 25 65 34 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 2 0 0 Internal Sum

CitationsGoogle Scholar

21949 <14 17 <132 250 724 34 <300 <341 <264 303 282 114 13490 1681 3005 491 52 33 45 9 16 1 5 12 848 514 7 16Citations

Google Scholar

Aggregated citation matrix (N=217)


3. Findings

• While scholars in the earlier years have had an individual-personality centric notion of the qualities of the cultural entrepreneur (Davidson, 1969; Cole, 1971; DiMaggio, 1982; Cuno, 1983; McDowall, 1984), at that time these and other articles did not yield to the emergence to cultural entrepreneurship as a field of research.

• It lasted until the mid-1990s that authors referred to ideas of cultural entrepreneurship and cultural capital that have been articulated by DiMaggio 1982 and Bourdieu 1980 and influenced the early development of the field (Thompson, 1995, Scott, 1996, Anand 2000, Caves, 2000).

• Due to the rise of creative occupations and their stated contribution to the vitality and health of economies) the intersections of creativity, culture and entrepreneurship started to gain significant attention of scholars and has led to the emergence of cultural entrepreneurship research (Howkins, 2001; Florida, 2002; Wilson & Stokes, 2002).

• From that time onward the notion of the cultural or creative entrepreneur has been introduced to the scientific arena (Leadbeater & Oakley, 1999, Howkins, 2001) to describe entrepreneurial phenomena in the cultural sector.


3. Findings

• In line with the early development of cultural entrepreneurship as a field of research and in the context of the rise of the new independents (Leadbeater & Oakley 1999) different aspects like the ‘creative city’ (Banks et al. 2000; O’Connor & Gu 2010), ‘cultural and creative industries’ (Scott 1996, Banks et al., 2000, Raffo et al., 2000, Lampel et al. 2000, Caves, 2000), ‘creative economy’ (Howkins, 2001) or the ‘creative class’ (Florida, 2002) have been introduced and further developed.

• Despite the growing interest in entrepreneurship phenomena in the cultural sector authors questioned the claims of legitimization of this young field, skeptically assessing intervening policies/ the governmental role in promoting cultural entrepreneurship in general and especially in the context of new labor market concepts and strategies (McRobbie, 2002/2004; Ellmeier, 2003) concomitant with the impact on self-image and self-perception (Hausmann, 2010).

• However, a growing consensus for the need of cultural entrepreneurship research became apparent as authors joined the scientific discourse offering valuable perspectives and insights to further develop the field (Cunningham et al., 2004, Wilson & Stokes, 2005, Swedberg, 2006, Carey & Naudin, 2006).


3. Findings

• Geographical coverage:- Supranational-level: 2/3 EU & UK-based studies• Methods applied:- 57% no empirical part- 32% qualitative- 6% quantitative- 2% mixed• Research objects: - 43% entrepreneurship not properly defined- 30% Entrepreneurship as a process- 12% Entrepreneurship as an individual- 12% Entrepreneurship in organizations


3. Findings

3.2 Reporting the findings:

Spatial contextCER has been frequently studied in various spatial contexts, e.g. Caves 2000 introduced the notion of the ‘creative industries’, others have introduced the concepts of the ‘creative- and the cultural economy’ (Howkins, 2001, Florida, 2002, Ellmeier, 2003), again, others frequently study entrepreneurship and culture in the local and regional context and have introduced the concepts of the ‘creative city’ or the ‘creative suburbia’ (Banks et al. 2000, Flew, 2012).Temporal contextEllmeier 2003 introduces the concept of ‘cultural entrepreneurialism’ that amongst others highlights the temporal context of the cultural economy. Ellmeier analyzes the dynamics of economic development and finds a forced process of economization of culture, and a culturalisation of the market that results in a rapid rise of the cultural entrepreneur. Kate Oakley similarily the “forced entrepreneurship”.


3. Findings

Institutional contextWhile Ellmeier 2003 does additionally focus on the institutional context of an developing postindustrial economy to a cultural economy and emphasizes the need for innovative labour market strategies and policy concepts to adequately recognize these changes (regulative), DiMaggio 1982 emphasizes the cultural capitalist’ role in the cultural sector that had been active in framing and distinguishing ‘high-art’ from ‘popular art’ in 19th century Boston (normative).


4. Limitations and contribution

Limitations• Limited searching strategy (yet by far the most comprehensive on CER) • Broad thematic inclusion criteria (and thus a broad thematic scope of articles)• The well-established literature has more chances of being cited than the recent

literature

Contribution• Qualitative and quantitative indicators that reflect advancements and aberrations

of cultural entrepreneurship as a field of research• In the future: Comprehensive picture of the context dimensions of CER


Thank you for your attention!Tobias Bürger & Christine Volkmann

UNESCO Chair for Entrepreneurship and Intercultural Management &

Chair for Entrepreneurship and Economic DevelopmentUniversity of Wuppertal

Faculty of Management and EconomicsSchumpeter School of Business and Economics

Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal

Germany


Aageson, T. H. (2008). Cultural entrepreneurs: Producing cultural value and wealth. Cultures and Globalization: The Cultural Economy, 2, 92.Banks, M., Lovatt, A., O‘Connor, J., & Raffo, C. (2000). Risk and trust in the cultural industries. Geoforum, 31 (4), 453-464. Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Routledge & Keegan Paul, London.European Commission (2010). Green Paper - Unlocking the potential of cultural and creative industries, Brussels. Department for Culture, Media & Sport (1998/2001). Creative Industries: Mapping Document, London.DiMaggio, P. (1982). Cultural entrepreneurship in nineteenth-century Boston: the creation of an organizational base for high culture in America. Media, Culture and Society, 4, 33-50.

Literature


Ellmeier, A. (2003). Cultural entrepreneurialism: on the changing relationship between the arts, culture and employment. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 9 (1), 3-16.European Commission (2010). Green Paper- Unlocking the potential of cultural and creative industries. 0183 final. Florida, R. (2002). The Rise of the Creative Class and how it's transforming work, leisure, community & everyday life. New York: Basic Books.Gartner, W. B., Davidsson, P., & Zahra, S. A. (2006). Are You Talking to Me? The Nature of Community in Entrepreneurship Scholarship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(3), 321-331Hausmann, A. (2010). German Artists Between Bohemian Idealism and Entrepreneurial Dynamics: Reflections on Cultural Entrepreneurship and the Need for Start-Up Management. International Journal of Arts Management, 12 (2), 17-29.Hausmann, A., & Heinze, A. (2014). Cultural Entrepreneurship – Begriffsverwendung, Verortung und Tendenzen innerhalb der Entrepreneurshipforschung. Zeitschrift für KMU & Entrepreneurship, 62 (2), 125-152.Howkins, J. (2001). The Creative Economy: How people make money from ideas. London: Penguin UK.

Literature


Landström, H., Harirchi, G., & Åström F. (2012). Entrepreneurship: exploring the knowledge base. Research Policy, 41(7), 1154–1181.Leadbeater, C., & Oakley, K. (1999). The Independents: Britain's new cultural entrepreneur . London: Demos.Leydesdorff, L., Milojevic, S. (2013). Scientometrics, in Wright, J.D. (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences (2nd Edition), pp. 322-327,.Low, M. B., & MacMillan, I. C. (1988). Entrepreneurship: Past Research and Future Challenges. Journal of Management, 14 (2), 139-161.McRobbie, A. (2002). Clubs to Companies: Notes on the decline of political culture in speeded up creative worlds. Cultural Studies, 16 (4), 516-531Pritchard, A. (1969). Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics. Journal of Documentation , 25 (4), 348-349.Rae, D. (2005). Cultural diffusion: a formative process in creative entrepreneurship? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 6 (3), 185-192. Scott, M. (2012). Cultural entrepreneurs, cultural entrepreneurship: Music producers mobilising and converting Bourdieu‘s alternative capitals. Poetics, 40 (3), 237-255.

Literature


Swedberg, R. (2006). The cultural entrepreneur and the creative industries: beginning in Vienna. Journal of Cultural Economics, 30 (4), 243-261.Wilson, N., & Stokes, D. (2002). Cultural Entrepreneursh and Creating Exchange. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 4 (1), 37-52.

Literature


Back-up slides

1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 20140

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Aggregated development of cultural entrepreneurship literature (N=244)


Back-up slides

Authors of respective articles

Citing years

Sum2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Florida, Richard (2002) 2 3 9 10 11 2 9 13 8 2 5 74

Caves, Richard E. (2001) 2 1 3 9 2 0 6 4 2 1 5 35

Leadbeater, Charles; Oakley, Kate (1999) 2 1 4 2 5 4 2 1 4 4 2 0 2 33

Howkins, John (2001) 1 0 1 1 4 2 3 0 6 1 2 1 2 24

DiMaggio, Paul (1982) 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 3 2 0 1 15

Ellmeier, Andrea (2003) 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 3 2 0 2 15

Hagoort, Giep 1 3 0 1 0 2 2 2 1 12

Banks, Mark; Lovatt, Andy; O'Connor, Justin; Raffo, Carlo 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 1 2 0 0 1 11

Wilson, Nicholas; Stokes, David 1 1 0 0 5 1 1 1 10

Rae, David 1 1 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 9

DiMaggio, Paul 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 8

McRobbie, Angela 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 1 0 1 9

Henry, Colette 4 1 0 3 8

Lange, Bastian 1 0 2 4 1 0 0 8

Mandel, Birgit 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 8

Overview of the most cited authors