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Cannon-GMOclimate-smartcropsalonesustainsmall-scalefarming?
JanW.LowPrincipalScientistInternationalPotatoCenter8November2017Bonn,Germany
TheQuickAnswer:
No!Cropsmustbeincombinationwithgoodsoilfertilitymanagement(accesstoorganicandinorganicnutrientsupplies),betterwatermanagementandsmall-scalefarmersmusthaveanenabling
environmentthatprovidesthemaccesstoknowledgeandmarkets.
Toadapttoclimate-change,weneedto:§ Producemoreadaptedcropsfasterattimesundertougher
environments…§ Produce morewithlesswater…
It’snotjustaboutyield,it’saboutquality…
Focus:Whatdoesthismeanforbreeding?
v Downscaleclimatechangemodels&cropmodellingtodriversofyield&qualityloss
Breedingprogramsneed:§ Newmethods…§ Considerableresources..becausebreedingisanumbers
game..§ Cheaperandfastertoolstoassessprogress…§ Betterunderstandingofthecrop
§ Genome§ Physiology&Biochemistry
1. Climatechangewillincreasefoodprices2. Increasingfoodpricesworsensextremepoverty3. PercapitademandforrootsandtubersinSSAsignificantlyhigherthancerealsin
20504. Technologicalchangeinrootsandtubersessentialtodampenfoodprice
increasesandriskofhungerunderany climatechangescenario
World Bank 2016
Cassava Potato Sweetpotato Yam Other R&T
Focus:Roots&tubersinthecontextofclimatechange?
InSSA,>95%ofsweetpotato&potatoaregrownonsmallfarms..FastestinareaexpansioninSSAbecauseofhighenergyoutputperunitareaperunittime..
Sweetpotato(194MJ/ha/day)vsmaize(145MJ/ha/day)
Breedingforsmall-farms§ Yieldandpestanddiseaseresistance…especiallyviruses
§ Virusresistantvarietiesenablefarmerstoretainclonallypropagatedseedlongerwithoutyielddecline
§ Pestresistantvarieties– declineinpesticideuse§ Forsweetpotato,conducttrialswithoutfertilizer
becausefarmersdonotusefertilizer§ Droughtandheattolerance§ Highnutrientquality
§ Sweetpotato:addressvitaminAdeficiencyproblems§ Iron&Zincinpotato;Feinorange-fleshedsweetpotato
§ Goodtasteandmarketdemand
Improvedmethods&toolsled todroughttolerantorange-fleshedsweetpotatoes inMozambique§ Droughtiscomplex
§ Abilitytosproutafterdryseason§ Vinevigor§ Adequateyieldundergoodconditions
§ Forqualitytraits,NearInfraredSpectrometer(NIRS)permittedfastthroughput(2minutespersample)atareasonablecost.§ Providesprotein,drymatter,sugars§ Beta-carotene,Ca,roughFe&Zn
§ Acceleratedbreedingscheme§ Moresitesearlier§ Reducedcyclefrom8to4years§ 15releasedin2011;7morein2016§ Farmerinvolvement§ Geneticgain:0.3tons/ha/year
Improvedvinevigor (onright) criticaltraitindroughtbreedingprogram
Andradeetal.2016,JournalofAgriculturalScience1-11.
Ourexperiencewithbiofortifiedorange-fleshedsweetpotatoinSSA§ Neglectedcropbecauseconsideredascropof
thepoor,awoman’scrop§ Introducedmaterialsusuallyverysusceptibleto
EastAfricanviruses§ AdultsinSSAhavestrongpreferenceforhighdry
matter§ RecognizedtheneedtoBreedinAfricaforAfrica§ 2SSAcountriesbreedingin2005
§ 13countriesbreedingin2017§ 3CIP-ledpopulationdevelopmentprograms
§ Focusonearlymaturingvarieties§ 40of71releasedsince2009mature<4mo
Lowetal.,2017,GlobalFoodSecurity14:23-30
Nopoint inbreeding ifdoesnotreachfarmers:§ LaunchedSweetpotatoforProfitandHealthInitiative§ 4.2millionhouseholds reachedbySeptember2017
SSABreedersinfrontofcrossingblock
TheAndesisthehomeofthepotato&amicrocosmforstudyingclimatechange…§ Centerofpotatodiversity
§ Morethan4,000varietiesandlandracescanbefound
§ Localfarmersconservingthroughcultivatingaround3,000landraces
§ Warmingtrendsince1950,3timestheglobalrate
§ Studyingchangesalongthealtitudegradient§ Highertemperaturesinareaslocatedinhigherlatitudeswillleadto
longergrowingseasonsandhigheryields,butalsoincreasedpestandpathogenpressure
§ Potatoproductionmovinghighertoavoiddiseaseproblems§ Qualityalsoaffected:Lowerdrymattercontentwithincreasingheat..§ Breedingforheattolerance
Globallybreedingforearlymaturingpotato..-- Cereal-potatointercrops-- Many90day,pushingfor70day
LD-33.100
LD-80.78
0
10
20
30
40
50
tn/ha
Clones
UNICAREICHE
REVOLUCION
LD-33.58LD-22.58
LD-92.42
LD-88.104LD-16.72
LD-19.90
Evaluation of yield (San Ramon, harvest at 70 dap)
Clones
Yiel
d (t/
Ha)
LateBlightisadifficultdiseasechallenge…thatisexpectedtoworseninpartsofSSA• LBseverity- current
• LBseverity- 2090 Legend
Ethiopia:increaseinfrequencyoffungicideapplicationfromonceamonth toonceaweek
BreedingApproach:StackthreedifferentresistantRgenesinVictoriavarietyPromising resultsinconfined field trialsinUganda
Moderntoolboxisexpanding…Newgeneeditingtechniquesmoveawayfromneedingforeignorganismstointroducetraits
CalledCRISPR/CasSystem§ Precisesearching..&editing§ Canremove“junk”§ Shutspecificgenesoff§ Introducegeneticchanges§ Cantargetmanygenesatonce§ Much,muchcheaper
§ Morepublic sectorresearch§ Fasteroutcomes§ Hopefully, morepro-poor
outcomes
CRISPR(clustered, regularlyinterspaced,short,palindromic repeats)/Cas(CRISPR-associated)systems(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnYppmstxIs)