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Adaptations
Distasteful
Harmful
Color changes
Provide nutritional needs for eggs
Incubator birds (Megapodiidae)
Solitary wasps
Mimicry
Protection
Mouthbreeders (fish)
Birds
Marsupials
Group Care (colonially breeding species)
Lions
Anis birds
Honey bees
Taxonomy
Kingdom - animal
Phylum - arthropod
Class - insect
Order - hymenoptera
Family - apidae
Genus - apis
Species – Apis mellifera
Colonial Queen Bee
Only female to mate Lays eggs
Decides whether to lay female or male eggs Live up to 5 years
Females (workers) Care for the larvae
Making wax Building the honeycomb
Guarding the hive Collecting pollen and nectar
Males (drones) Only purpose is to mate
Have to do no work
Taxonomy
Kingdom – animal
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – sphenisciformes
Family – spheniscidae
Number of species:
19 alive
40 extinct
Monogamous
Annual breeding season
Female choses
Males find a nest site and attracts mate
Then they both engage in courtship
Then they mate
Most penguins put their eggs in nest that’s
called a clutch
Incubate eggs on top of their feet
The eggs are shaped so they roll in a circle
not a line
Can take 1 month to up to 66 days to hatch
One parent incubates while the other eats
Both parents feed their chick
Parents can recognize their
chick’s chirp
They keep the chick warm by
covering them with their brood
patch
A group of chicks or baby
penguins are called a crèches
This helps protect them against
other aggressive adults,
predators, and weather
A chick is dependent on their parents until it
can grow its waterproof feathers
Somewhere between 9 and 13 months
Sexual maturity is 3 to 8 years
Five being average
Depends on size of penguin
A good rule of thumb is the bigger the penguin the longer it takes for them to get together
One a remote subarctic island some fur seals have been found to be raping penguins. Scientist can only hypothesize the cause.
Taxonomy
Kingdom - animal
Phylum - chordata
Class - osteichthyes
Order - gasterosteiformes
Family - syngnathidae
Genus - hippocampus
There are 30-40 species known and many subspecies.
Life span is expected up to 4 years, usually full life span is not reached unless in captivity
They live in warm tropical and temperate waters, typically sheltered areas such as coral reefs and estuaries.
In winter weather they move to deeper waters to escape rough storms. They are inept swimmers and can die easily of exhaustion in stormy seas.
Seahorses pair for life, the female meets the male in his territory and they change colors as they near one another.
The male will loop around the female then they will spiral around an object.
They can do this daily ritual for up to an hour, then the female leaves and retreats to her territory.
The male and female territories overlap, the females is up to 1.4 meters squared while the males is 0.5 meters squared.
After several days of courtship (synchronized movements) an 8 hour “true courtship dance”
takes place. The male first pumps water through the egg
pouch on his trunk to expand and open up ensuring it is empty.
After the females eggs are mature she and her entangled partner release their anchor and spiral upwards drifting snout to snout. This takes place
for 6 minutes. The female will swim away until morning while
the male eats. The female inserts her ovipositor into the male’s
brood pouch and deposits dozens to thousands of eggs
The females body will slim down and the males body will swell after the initial courtship. (egg transfer.)
During fertilization in the brood pouch was found to be exposed for six seconds while egg admission occurred.
Seawater enters the pouch at this time and the hyperosmotic environment facilitates sperm activation and motility. This is technically external fertilization but it takes place in what's considered an internal environment.
Protected fertilization reduces sperm competition in males.
Gestation lasts between 14 days to 30 days (species dependent)
Males supply Prolactin to the eggs, which is the hormone in mammals accountable for milk production.
The pouch is an incubator of controlled salinity and the male secretes nutrients through a yolk surrounding the embryos.
The brood pouch offers immunological assistance, gas exchange and waste removal.
During gestation the mate visits for morning “greetings” daily.
Between 100-1000 frys are expelled through muscular contractions.
Birth occurs at night, so by the next morning the male is ready for the next batch of eggs.
Immediately following birth they are left alone with no further interaction or nurturing from the parents.
Because of the delicate nature of these animals less that 0.5% make it to adulthood. This is why large litters are so important.
Even with such a low survival rate, it is higher than those of other fish because of the protected fertilization and gestation, and being they are not abandoned after birth.
The complete shift of sexual role reversal is a query researchers are trying to find an answer.
Because there constant high energy process is so costly in egg production (twice of that of the energy to bring eggs to term) it is thought that the male takes the eggs to let the female recoup.
It may also allow shorter birthing intermissions, allowing more offspring to be yielded.
It is not known why yet, but there are still hypothesizes being examined.
All animals must reproduce to keep their species alive; however, they all have different ways off dealing with their
offspring.
http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/honey_bee.htm
http://www.britannica.com/topic/reproductive-behaviour-zoology#toc48559
http://www.benefits-of-honey.com/honey-bee-life-cycle.html
https://www.google.com/search?q=rookeries&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivzpqEwrTJAhXROYgKHShIDD4Q_AUIBygB#tbm=isch&q=mating+penguins&imgrc=GrAHYZnWeLL9tM%3A
http://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/penguin/hatching-and-care-of-young/
http://www.techtimes.com/articles/20531/20141119/shocking-seals-found-chasing-and-raping-penguins-caught-on-camera.htm
http://ocean.si.edu/sites/default/files/photos/pregnant-seahorse_0.jpg
http://www.theseahorsetrust.org/userfiles/Uusual%20SEAHORSE%20behaviour%20in%20Cambodia.pdf
http://www.mysticaquarium.org/animals-and-exhibits/species-of-the-month/884-seahorse
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/sea-horse/