microbial diseases of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Introduction CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Circulates substances to

and from the body cells Heart Blood (plasma and cells) Blood vessels RBC- carry oxygen WBC- body’s defence

against infection

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Transports fluid, fats, proteins, and lymphocytes to the bloodstream, and remove microorganisms and other debris from tissues

Lymph (lymph capillaries) Lymph vessels Lymph nodes (B & T cells) Lymphoid organs Interstitial fluid

The relationship between the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic

Systems.

Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and

Lymphatic

1. Sepsis (inflammation of body)

- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)

Pathogen: gram- negative bacteria, gram- positive bacteria Infective bacteria cause RBC to lyse, the release of iron-containing hemoglobin can result to accelerated microbial growth.

Signs and symptoms: fever, rapid heart or respiratory rate, high count of WBC, lymphagitis ( inflamed lymph vessels from the site of infection)

Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic

2. Endocarditis (inflammation of the endocardium)

Pathogen: Streptococci (S. aureus) Symptoms: fever, general weakness,

heart murmur Transmission: arises from focal

infection elsewhere in the body such as tonsil and teeth,

Treatment: antibiotics- pathogens released by tooth extraction or tonsillectomies enter the blood and find their way to the heart


Bacteria attach to the surface and multiply causing damage that promotes vegetation where bacteria are being protected.

3. Rheumatic fever

Pathogen: Group A beta- hemolytic streptococci

Symptoms: Arthritis, fever, damage to heart valves, inflammation of the heart

Prevention: penicillin to treat streptococcal sore throat - Immune responses to streptococcal infections - Leads to autoimmune complication (allergic reaction to own body)


A nodule caused by rheumatic fever

4. Brucellosis (undulant fever)

Pathogen: Brucella ssp. (B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis)

Symptoms: Local Abscess (pus); undulating fever (spikes each evening)

Reservoir: Grazing animals Transmission: Direct contact Treatment: tetracycline, streptomycin Diagnosis: serological tests

- Bacteria enter through breaks in skin, reproduce in macrophages, spread via lymphatics to liver, spleen, or bone marrow


5. Anthrax

Pathogen: Bacillus anthrcsis (endospores

survive in soil for 60 years)

Symptoms: Papule(cutaneous); bloody diarrhoea (gastrointestinal

Reservoir: soil, large grazing animals Transmission: direct contact (animal

secretions), ingestion, inhalation Treatment: Ciprofloxacin: doxycycline Diagnosis: isolating and identifying

the bacteria


Anthrax lesion. Swelling and formation of a black scab that formsaround the infection.

6. Gangrene

Pathogens: Clostridium perfringens (anaerobic)

Symptom: tissue death at infection site

Reservoir: soil Transmission: puncture wound Treatment: surgical removal of

necrotic tissue- Soft tissue death from ischemia (loss of blood supply)

- Entrance through the wall of uterus during improperly performed abortions


7. Rat- bite Fever

Pathogen: Streptobacillus moniliformis, Spirillum minus

Symptom: fever, chills, muscle and joint pain, rash in extremities

Reservoir: Rats Transmission: Rat bites Treatment: Penicillin

Systemic Disease caused by Bites and Scratch

8. Cat Scratch Disease

Pathogen: Bartonella hensellae Symptoms: Prolonged fever Reservoir: Domestic cat Transmission: Cat scratch or bite Treatment: antibiotics

Systemic Disease caused by Bites and Scratch

9. Plague

Pathogens: Yersinia pestis Vector: rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) Symptom: enlarged lymph nodes (buboes), skin

bruises Reservoir: rodents Transmission: fleas, inhalation Treatment: streptomycin, tetracyclin Diagnosis: isolating and identifying the

bacteria- from flea bite, bacteria enters the blood stream and proliferate in the lymph and blood- they have the ability to survive inside phagocytes rather than being destroyed

Vector Transmitted Disease

10. Lyme Disease

Pathogens: Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete)

Symptom: bull’s eye rash, neurologic symptoms

Reservoir: field mice, deer Transmission: ticks Treatment: antibiotics


11. Typhus

Pathogen: Rickettsia (obligate intracellular parasites )

2 types: 1. Epidemic Typhus 2. Endemic Murine typhus 3. Rocky mountain spotted fever- spread by arthropod vectors


11a. Epidemic typhus (louse borne typhus)

Pathogens: Rickettsia prowazekii Symptom: high fever, stupor (reduced

consciousness, difficulty in thinking), rash Reservoir: squirrels Transmission: Pediculus humanus

corporis louse (from the feces and rubbed into a wound)

Treatment: tetracycline, chloramphenicol

prevention: sanitation


11b. Endemic murine typhus

Pathogens: Rickettsia typhi Symptom: fever, rash Reservoir: rodents Transmission: Xenopsylla cheopsis

flea Treatment: tetracycline,

chloramphenicol


11c. Rocky mountain spotted fever (tick borne typhus)

Pathogens: Ricketssia rickettsii Symptom: rashes, fever, headache Reservoir: ticks, small mammals Transmission: Dermacentor ticks Treatment: tetracycline,

chloramphenicol- this parasite can pass from gen. to gen. through their eggs (transovarian passage)


Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and

Lymphatic Systems

1. Burkitt’s lymphoma

Pathogen: Epstein- Barr virus (EB virus)

Symptoms: Tumor (leads to childhood cancer)

Reservoir: Unknown Transmission: Unknown Treatment: Surgery

- it tends to occur in immuno-compromised patients

Viral Diseases

2. Chingkungunya fever

Pathogens: Chingkungunya virus Symptom: fever, joint pain Reservoir: humans Transmission: mosquitoes (Aedes

aegypti) Treatment: supportive

Viral Diseases

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

Protozoan Diseases of Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System

1. Chagas’ Disease (American

trypanosomiasis)

Pathogens: Trypanosoma cruzi (flagellated protozoan)

Symptom: damage to heart muscles or peristaltic movement of gastrointestinal track

Reservoir: rodents, oppossums Transmission: reduviid bug (kissing bug)

feces into the bite wound Treatment: niturtimox , benznidazole

Protozoan Diseases

2. Toxoplasmosis

Pathogen: Toxoplasma gondii (spore-forming protozoans)

Symptoms: Mild diseases: initial infection acquired during pregnancy can be damaging to fetus: serious illness in AIDS patients , brain damage, vision problems

Reservoir: Domestic cats Transmission: ingestion Treatment: Pyrimethamine,

sulfadiazine, and folinic acid

Protozoan Diseases

3. Malaria

Pathogens: Plasmodium ssp. Symptom: fever and chills at

intervals of 2-3 days , vomiting, headache,

Reservoir: humans Transmission: Anopheles mosquito Treatment: Chloroquine

Protozoan Diseases

4. Leishmaniasis

Pathogens: Lieshmania ssp. Symptom: L. donovani- systemic

disease, L. tropica- skin sores, L. braziliensis- disfiguring damage to mucous membranes

Reservoir: small mammals Transmission: sandfly Treatment: antimony compounds

- protozoa reproduce in the liver, spleen, and kidney

Protozoan Diseases

5. Babesiosis

Pathogens: Babesia microti Symptom: fever and chills at

intervals Reservoir: rodents Transmission: Ixodes ticks Treatment: Atovaquone and

azithromycin

Protozoan Diseases

6. Schistosomiasis

Pathogens: Schistosomiasis ssp. Symptom: inflammation and tissue

damage at site of granulomas –

tumorconsiting a mass of granular tissue(ex. Liver, lungs, bladder)

Reservoir: definitive host: humans Transmission: cercariae penetrate skin Treatment: proziquantel, oxamniquine

prevention, sanitation, elimination of host snail

Protozoan Diseases

S. heomatobium- urinary schistosimiasis , inflammation of urinary bladder, ME, Egypt, Africa

S. japonicum- intestinal inflammation, Asia

S. mansoni- intestinal inflammation, America, Carrebean, Puerto Rico

Science

microbial diseases of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems