19th Century ProgressChapter 26 Section 4

Presented by: Essence Perry

19th Century Progress- Why?

The Industrial Revolution was caused by simple inventions that improved everyday life. By the late 1800’s, inventions were happening like never before! A surge of scientific innovation pushed pioneers to step up to the plate of modernization.

19th Century Progress- Where Breakthroughs in science and technology transformed daily life and entertainment. Once an idea was published it inspired other scientists and people to innovate. Leading countries to modernization were: America, Britain, Germany, France, Austria, and Russia.

The Scientists

Marie Sklodowska-Curie (1898-1903)

A brilliant mind to physics, Curie was an innovator for radioactive research. Her fieldwork led to the discovery of Radium and Polonium, and radiotherapy. These groundbreaking ideas led to her winning two Nobel Prizes.

Louis Pasteur (1865) Doctor, Inventor, Chemist, Scientist Louis Pasteur came up with the bacteria-killing techniques known as pasteurization; he also developed a vaccination for anthrax and rabies, TB, and cholera. He is considered one of the giants of biology/science, discovering germ theory, sterilization, antibiotics, vaccines, and modern biology.

Even though ridiculed, Charles Darwin was a pioneer in the science field despite his non-popular ideas. On November 24, 1859, he published a detailed explanation of his theory in his best-known work: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. What is most commonly known as the Theory of Evolution.

Charles Darwin (1859)

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Freud developed psychoanalysis, a method through which an analyst unpacks unconscious conflicts based on the free associations, dreams and fantasies of the patient. His theories on child sexuality, libido and the ego, among other topics, were some of the most influential academic concepts of the 20th century.

The Inventors

Henry Ford (1880’s) Henry Ford created the Ford Model T car in 1908 and went on to develop the assembly line mode of production, which revolutionized the industry. As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world-famous company head. Even though his company lost dominance they created the path for automobile innovation.

Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) One of the greatest inventors of his time, Tesla created hundreds of devices we use everyday. Tesla then established his own laboratory where he could experiment on his own. He went on to discover electron, X-rays on his own, rotating magnetic field, electrical resonance, cosmic radio waves and invented wireless remote control, radio, electric motor and many other things that profoundly changed the world.

19th Century Progress“The WHAT”

Germ TheoryGerm theory states that many diseases are caused by the presence and actions of specific microorganisms within the body. The observations and actions of Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister and John Snow would retrospectively be acknowledged as contributing to the acceptance of germ theory. Louis Pasteur in the 1860s and then Robert Koch provided the scientific proof for germ theory. Their work opened the door to research into the identification of disease-causing germs and potential life-saving treatments.

Theory of EvolutionDarwin's Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor. Complex organisms evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time. Random genetic mutations occur within an organism's genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival. These beneficial mutations are passed on to the next generation. Over time, beneficial mutations accumulate and the result is an entirely different organism.

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders; based on the theories of Sigmund Freud; "his physician recommended psychoanalysis"Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality implicated the structure of the mind, namely the identity, ego, and superego, and how conflicts among these constituent parts are resolved in shaping human personality.

Genetics Although Darwin said that living things passed on their variations from one generation to the next, he did not know how they did so. Gregor Mendel discovered that there is a pattern to the way that certain traits are inherited. Mendel’s work began the science of genetics. For thousands of years farmers and herders have been selectively breeding their plants and animals to produce more useful hybrids . It was not a precise process since the actual mechanisms governing inheritance were unknown. Knowledge of these genetic mechanisms finally came as a result of careful laboratory breeding experiments.

Connection to TODAY!

Social Sciences Freud and Pavlov spearheaded ideas in psychology that led to the development of social sciences. For the first time people were studying world culture and ancient civilization. Currently people gave careers in anthropology, sociology, psychology, and archeology.

Modern ChemistryThe foundations of Modern chemistry started during the Enlightenment after Robert Boyle proved Empedocles theories wrong. In the 1800’s atoms were charted on the “Periodic Table”, their anatomy was discovered, and radioactivity was studied for the first time.

EnergyScientists now and during the 1800’s were/are looking for other means of energy. Gasoline currently is the major energy supplier, but we use water, steam, wind, electricity, and radiation.