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Predic’ng the Distribu’on of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblas)s cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opun)a stricta, in Florida Kristen E. Sauby , Mary C. Christman, and Robert D. Holt Department of Biology University of Florida Ecological Society of America Annual Mee’ng Sacramento, California August 11, 2014

Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

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A presentation at the Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting on August 11, 2014 in Sacramento, California.

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Page 1: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Predic'ng  the  Distribu'on  of  the  Invasive  Cactus  Moth,  Cactoblas)s  cactorum,  and  its  Major  Host  Plant,  Opun)a  stricta,  in  

Florida  

Kristen  E.  Sauby,  Mary  C.  Christman,  and  Robert  D.  Holt  Department  of  Biology  University  of  Florida  

 Ecological  Society  of  America  Annual  Mee'ng  

Sacramento,  California  August  11,  2014  

Page 2: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Florida  Opun)a  and  Their  Specialist  Insect  Herbivores  Invasive  Cactus  Moth,  Cactoblas)s  cactorum  

Na've  Cactus  Moth,  Melitara  prodenialis  

Na've  Cactus  Bug,  Chelinidea  vi7ger  

Na've  Cactus  Scale,  Dactylopius  sp.  

O.  stricta   O.  pusilla   O.  humifusa  var.  ammophila  

Page 3: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

The  invasive  cactus  moth,  Cactoblas)s  cactorum,  “blas'ng”  its  host  species,  

Opun)a  stricta,  in  Florida  

Page 4: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Background  

•  Opun%a  are  na&ve  to  the  New  World  (North  and  South  America)  

•  Including  the  phylogeny  and  “puta&ve  dispersal  pathways  of  Opun%a  clades”    

 (Majure  et  al.,  American  Journal  of  Botany,  2012)    

Page 5: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

First  introduced  into  Australia  to  control  invasive  cac&  

1957  

Early  1930s   1925  

The  Path  to  the  North  American  Introduc'on  of  the  Invasive  Cactus  Moth  

Approx.  na&ve  range  of  moth  

Page 6: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Successful  Biological  Control  in  Australia  

Before…   ARer.  

•  Quotes  from  Dodd  (1940)  •  Photos  from  Osmond  et  al.  2008  (Journal  of  Experimental  Botany)  

“In  August  1930,  for  150  miles  [240  km]  along  the  river  the  pest  [O.  stricta]  was  in  its  full  vigour,  its  con&nuity  almost  unbroken  by  cleared  land;  the  pastoral  proper&es  had  been  overrun  and  mainly  deserted.”  

“…in  August  1932,  90  percent  of  the  [prickly]  pear  had  collapsed.  The  change  in  exactly  two  years  was  extraordinary.”  

Page 7: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Source:  USDA  APHIS,  h`p://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/cactoblas&s/spread.shtml,                accessed  21  March  2009  

Most  recent  detec&ons:  Jefferson,  Lafourche,  and  Terrebonne  Parishes,  Louisiana  (2009)  

Distribu'on  of  the  Invasive  Cactus  Moth  in  the  Southeastern  United  States  

South  Carolina,  2004  

Louisiana,  2009  

First  detec'on,  Florida  Keys,  1989  

NE  Florida,  2000  

Page 8: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Ques'ons  

•  How  prevalent  is  the  invasive  cactus  moth  and  moth  damage?  

•  How  important  are  different  factors  in  structuring  varia&on  in  cactus  and  invasive  cactus  moth  occurrence?  – Abio&c  factors  (eleva&on)  – Bio&c  factors  (plant  density,  canopy  cover)  – Spa&al  factors  

 

Page 9: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

The  invasive  moth  is  found  primarily  on  O.  humifusa  var.  ammophila  and  O.  stricta  (Sauby  et  al.  2012)  

Page 10: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Sampling  at  the  Guana  Tolomato  Matanzas  Na'onal  Estuarine  Research  Reserve  (GTMNERR)  

•  Plot  Surveys  

•  Plant  Surveys  

Page 11: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

•  Set  up  1-­‐meter2  plots  according  to  a  stra&fied  random  adap&ve  cluster  sampling  scheme  1.  Stra&fied  Random  Sampling    (SRSWOR):  plots  randomly  distributed  across  

(a)  5  islands  and  (b)  two  habitat  patches  (524  plots)  2.  Adap&ve  Cluster  Sampling:  If  a  plot  had  cac&,  adjacent  plots  were  also  

surveyed  (c)  (829  plots)    

•  Surveyed  plots  at  least  twice  a  year  (May  2012  –  present)  •  Then  aggregated  data  for  analysis  

Sampling  Scheme  –  Plot  Surveys    

Page 12: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

•  Set  up  1-­‐meter2  plots  according  to  a  stra&fied  random  adap&ve  cluster  sampling  scheme  1.  Stra&fied  Random  Sampling    (SRSWOR):  plots  randomly  distributed  across  

(a)  5  islands  and  (b)  two  habitat  patches  (524  plots)  2.  Adap&ve  Cluster  Sampling:  If  a  plot  had  cac&,  adjacent  plots  were  also  

surveyed  (c)  (829  plots)    

•  Surveyed  plots  at  least  twice  a  year  (May  2012  –  present)  •  Then  aggregated  data  for  analysis  

Sampling  Scheme  –  Plot  Surveys    

(c)  

Page 13: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

•  Set  up  1-­‐meter2  plots  according  to  a  stra&fied  random  adap&ve  cluster  sampling  scheme  1.  Stra&fied  Random  Sampling    (SRSWOR):  plots  randomly  distributed  across  

(a)  5  islands  and  (b)  two  habitat  patches  (523  plots)  2.  Adap&ve  Cluster  Sampling:  If  a  plot  had  cac&,  adjacent  plots  were  also  

surveyed  (c)  (824  plots)    

•  Surveyed  plots  at  least  twice  a  year  (May  2012  –  present)  •  Aggregated  data  for  analysis   (c)  

Sampling  Scheme  –  Plot  Surveys    

Page 14: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

 Sampling  Scheme  –  Plant  Surveys  •  Mapped  and  marked  individual  cactus  plants  in  a  random  subset  

of  plots  (287  plots;  1089  O.  stricta  and  1087  O.  pusilla  plants)  •  Surveyed  all  at  least  twice  a  year  (Jan.  2013  –  present)  •  Aggregated  data  for  analysis  

Page 15: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

•  Propor&on  of  area  occupied  by  each  cactus  species  

•  O.  humifusa  var.  ammophila  was  rare  (found  in  only  1  plot)  

Prevalence  of  Cac'  in  SRSWOR  Plots  

 

100

200

300

400

500

Absent Present

Num

ber o

f plo

ts

O. stricta

100

200

300

400

500

Absent Present

O. pusilla

75/523  =  14.3%   45/523  =  

8.6%  

Page 16: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

•  Increased  the  number  of  plots  with  cac&  

Sample  Size  of  Plots  with  Cac'  aRer  Adap've  Cluster  

Sampling  

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Absent Present

Num

ber o

f plo

ts

O. stricta

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Absent Present

O. pusilla

447/1347=  33.2%  

324/1347=  24.1%  

Page 17: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

MothAbsent

MothPresent

Num

ber o

f plo

ts

O. stricta

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

MothAbsent

MothPresent

O. pusilla

Prevalence  of  the  Invasive  Cactus  Moth  

54/447  =  12.1%  

1/324  =  0.31%  

Aggregated  Plot  Survey    Data  (May  2012  –  present)  

Presence  =  moth  larvae  and/or  eggs  were  found  at  least  once  Absence  =  moth  larvae  and/or  eggs  never  observed  

Page 18: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

MothAbsent

MothPresent

Num

ber o

f plo

ts

O. stricta

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

MothAbsent

MothPresent

O. pusilla

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

MothAbsent

MothPresent

Num

ber o

f pla

nts

O. stricta

Prevalence  of  the  Invasive  Cactus  Moth  

35/1089  =  3.2%  

Aggregated  Plot  Survey    Data  (May  2012  –  present)  

Aggregated  Plant  Survey  Data  (January  2013  –  present)  

54/447  =  12.1%  

1/324  =  0.31%  

Presence  =  moth  larvae  and/or  eggs  were  found  at  least  once  Absence  =  moth  larvae  and/or  eggs  never  observed  

Page 19: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Prevalence  of  Damage  from  Past  Moth  Infesta'ons  

54/449  =  12%  

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

DamageAbsent

DamagePresent

Num

ber o

f plo

ts

O. stricta

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

DamageAbsent

DamagePresent

O. pusilla

334/447  =  75%  

•  An  es&mate  of  cumula&ve  prevalence  of  cactus  moths  •  Many  plants  are  infested  at  some  point  in  their  lives  •  Es&mates  may  be  biased  low  because  only  live  plants  are  surveyed  •  Caveat:  damage  may  be  from  either  the  invasive  and/or  na&ve  cactus  moths  

122/324  =  38%  

Page 20: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

cac&  N  

t  

invasive    cactus  moth  

Hypothesized  Dynamics  of  Cactus  Moth  Invasion  

Current  state  of  invasion  

Page 21: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Generalized  Linear  Mixed  Models  to  Explain  Paherns  of  O.  stricta  Occurrence  

Analyzed  in  SAS  v.  9.4  using  GLIMMIX  procedure    Dependent  Variables  •  O.  stricta  presence  Fixed  Effects  •  Eleva&on  (meters)  •  Vegeta&on  Class  (five  categories)  •  Vegeta&on  Density  (scale  of  0  –  4)  •  Detritus  Density  (scale  of  0  –  4)  •  Canopy  (yes/no)  Random  Effects  •  Habitat  Patch  •  Network  (the  adap&ve  cluster  to  which  a  plot  belongs)  

Page 22: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Results  -­‐  Generalized  Linear  Mixed  Models  to  Explain  Paherns  of  Cactus  Occurrence  

   Tests  of  Fixed  Effects    

Effect Es'mate St.  Error Pr  >  F Canopy 0.17 0.33 0.5970 Vegeta&on  Class -­‐ -­‐ 0.0007 Vegeta&on  Density 0.38 0.12 0.0010 Detritus  Density 0.42 0.11 <.0001

Eleva&on  (m) 0.037 0.10 0.7153

Page 23: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

 Least  Squares  Means    

Vegeta'on    Class   Mean  Prob(Y=1)  Standard  Error   t  Value   Pr  >  |t|  

Marsh  plants   0.0097   0.0081   -­‐5.50   <.0001  

Mixed  forbs   0.16   0.059   -­‐3.78   0.0002  

Overhanging  cedar/mixed  forbs   0.14   0.057   -­‐3.83   0.0001  

Palm/palme`o   0.00014   0.0022   -­‐0.57   0.57  

Shrubs/vines   0.083   0.039   -­‐4.64   <.0001  

Results  –  Rela'onship  Between  Vegeta'on  Class  and  O.  stricta  Occurrence  

Page 24: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

•  Limited  analysis  to  plots  containing  O.  stricta  •  Analyzed  in  SAS  v.  9.4  using  GLIMMIX  procedure  

Dependent  Variable  •  Invasive  Cactus  Moth  presence  Fixed  Effects  •  O.  stricta  maximum  height  •  O.  stricta  percent  cover  •  Eleva&on  (meters)  •  Vegeta&on  Class  (seven  categories)  •  Vegeta&on  Density  (scale  of  0  –  4)  •  Detritus  Density  (scale  of  0  –  4)  •  Canopy  (yes/no)  Random  Effects  •  Network  (the  adap&ve  cluster  to  which  a  plot  belongs)  

•  Did  NOT  include  Habitat  Patch  because  it  was  not  sta&s&cally  significant  in  a  model  with  only  random  effects  

Generalized  Linear  Mixed  Model  to  Explain  Paherns  of  Invasive  Cactus  Moth  Occurrence  on  O.  stricta  

Page 25: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Results  -­‐  Generalized  Linear  Mixed  Model  to  Explain  Paherns  of  Invasive  Cactus  Moth  Occurrence  on  O.  stricta  

Effect   Es'mate   St.  Error   Pr  >  F  

Canopy   0.21   0.7751   0.79  

Vegeta'on  Class   -­‐   -­‐   0.52  

O.  stricta  Height   0.042   0.016   0.011  

O.  stricta  Percent  Cover   0.038   0.018   0.037  

Eleva'on   0.23   0.094   0.013  

Detritus   0.046   0.22   0.84  

Page 26: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Conclusions  •  Abio&c  and  bio&c  factors  can  be  used  to  explain  pa`erns  of  cactus  and  cactus  moth  occurrence  

 O.  stricta  occurrence  •  Posi&ve  rela&onship  with  detritus  and  vegeta&on  density  

•  Significant  varia&on  among  vegeta&on  classes  

Page 27: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Conclusions  

Invasive  cactus  moth  occurrence  •  Cumula&ve  damage  is  much  greater  than  present  rates  of  infesta&on  

•  Rare  on  O.  pusilla  •  Posi&vely  related  to  O.  stricta  height  and  percent  cover  as  well  as  eleva&on  

 Spa&al  factors  •  Habitat  patch  and  Network  included  in  models  of  cactus  occurrence  as  random  effects  

 

Page 28: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Invasive  Species  Management  

•  Important  to  consider  the  rela&ve  threat  of  the  species  

•  Important  to  account  for  spa&al  varia&on  in  risk  of  invasion  and  costs  of  surveillance  (Epanchin-­‐Niell  et  al.,  Ecol.  Le;.,  2012)  

Page 29: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Future  Work  

•  Assess  temporal  and  spa&al  autocorrela&on  in:    –  the  dynamics  of  cactus  and  cactus  moth  occupancy  

•  Assess  threat  of  the  invasive  cactus  moth  to  cac&  using  demographic  models  

 

Page 30: Predicting the Distribution of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and its Major Host Plant, Opuntia stricta, in Florida

Acknowledgments  University  of  Florida  

•  Michael  Barfield  •  James  Nifong  •  Doria  Gordon  •  Robert  Fletcher  •  Jose  Miguel  Poncianco  •  Jake  Ferguson  •  Rosana  Zenil-­‐Ferguson  •  Polly  Harding  (pictured)  

GTMNERR  •  Ka'e  Petrinec  •  Mah  Welsh    

Feel  free  to  contact  me  at  [email protected]