Role of biotechnology in agriculture

Presented by,

Ruchi Priya

ABM-08

CONTENT

Introduction

History

Plant tissue culture

Agriculture applications

Why agriculture biotechnology is important

Benefits of biotechnology in agriculture

conclusion

INTRODUCTION

The term ‘Biotechnology’ was coined in

1917 by Hungarian engineer Karl Erky to

describe a process for large scale

production of pigs.

Biotechnology can be defined as application

of technology using the living organisms to

obtain useful products.

Biotechnology can also be defined as any

technological application that uses

biological systems, living organisms or

derivatives there of to make or modify

products or processes for specific use.

Agriculture biotechnology is

a field of applied biology that

involves the use of living

organisms and bioprocess in

agriculture and food

production.

HISTORY

The story of the use of biological systems for the

fulfillment of human needs perhaps started in 6000

BC when Sumerians and Babylonians fermented a

kind of beer.

Fermentation, antibiotic production, baking and

brewing are included in traditional biotechnology,

whereas techniques related with cell culture, fusion,

bioprocessing, genetic engineering etc. were

named as modern biotechnology.

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE

Plant tissue culture is the technique of

growing plant cells, tissues and organs in an

artificial prepared nutrient medium static or

liquid, under aseptic conditions.

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE

A plant part

Is cultured

Callus

grows

Shoots

develop

Shoots are rooted;

plant grows to maturity

GENE GUN

DNA vector is coated onto gold or tungsten

particles

Particles are accelerated at high speeds by the

gun

Particles enter plant tissue

DNA enters the nucleus and incorporate into

chromosome

ENHANCEMENT IN NUTRITIONAL IN PLANT

TISSUE CULTURE

•Fruits with vaccines

•Grains with improved nutrition

Tomato with delayed in

ripening

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS

Transgenic plants

Organisms in which foreign DNA hasbeen artificially incorporated into itsgenome.

Major crop plants produced by geneticengineering techniques have been sowelcomed by farmers that currently a thirdof the corn and about three-quarters ofthe soybean and cotton grown arevarieties developed through geneticengineering.

Similarly, foods derived from transgenic

plants have been called “GMO foods,”

“GMPs” (genetically modified products), and

“biotech foods.” While some refer to foods

developed from genetic engineering

technology as “biotechnology enhanced

foods,”

Following are a few examples of benefits

resulting from applying currently available

genetic engineering techniques to

agricultural biotechnology.

Increased crop productivity

Enhanced crop protection

Improvements in food processing

Improved nutritional value

Better flavour

Benefits for developing

Somaclonal variation

The production of plantlets by callus

regeneration, cell suspensions, protoplast

cultures, present some deviations with

regard to the mother plant.

This is a way to increase the genetic

variability.

1n 1976, a pelargonium cv velvet rose

was created by this technique.

APPLICATION OF SOMACLONAL VARIATION

Improvement of existing clonal cultures.

Sugarcane variety- Pindar

Parent- Ono

Pusa jai kisan(mustard)

Parent- Varuna

selections for higher yield and disease resistance.

Potatoes- yield and disease resistance (kufri sps)

Improved geraniums (esp. scented varieties)

Woody ornamentals (e.g., Paulownia –selection for

leaf variegation.

Somatic hybridization

Production of hybrid plants through the

fusion of protoplasts of two different plant

species/varieties is called somatic

hybridization, and such hybrids are known

as somatic hybrids.

The technique of somatic hybridization

involves the following four steps:

(i) isolation of protoplasts,

(ii)fusion of the protoplasts of desired

species/varieties,

(iii) selection of hybrid cells, and

(iv) culture of the hybrid cells and

regeneration of hybrid plants from them.

Somatic hybridization leads to interspecific and

intergeneric hybridization.

Interspecific hybridization done between two

species.

ex- nicotiana tobaccum × nicotiana sylvestrus =

tobacco

Intergeneric hybridization done between two

genera.

ex- wheat × rye = triticale

Given by Rimpau (1890)

Synthetic seed

Synthetic seed are defined as artificially

encapsulated somatic embryos, shoot

buds, cell aggregates, or any other tissue

that can be used for sowing as a seed

and that possess the ability to convert into

a plant under in vitro or ex

vitro conditions and that retain this

potential also after storage.

The first synthetic seeds were produced by Kitto

and Janick in 1982 using carrot somatic embryos

Characteristics of synthetic seeds

I. High volume, large scale propagation method

II. Maintains genetic uniformity of plants

III. Direct delivery of propagules to the field, thus

eliminating transplants

IV. Lower cost per plant let

V. Rapid multiplication of plants

PAPAYA SYNTHETIC SEED

Various development stages

during plant regeneration via

artificial seed in Carica

papaya L

A. Somatic embryos in liquid

culture after 30 days in

maturation medium.

B. Somatic embryo at the

cotyledonary stage.

C. Artificial seeds

encapsulated in 2.5%

sodium alginate.

D. Germinating artificial

seed

E. A plantlet

germinated from an

artificial seed on

growth regulator free

basal MS medium.

F. A plantlet showing

normal development

after germination

from an artificial

seed.

FUTURE PROSPECTIVE

Development of methods and machinary for mass

handling of synthetic seed, both during production

and sowing.

Development of new technique for ex-vitro or direct

sowing of synseed to soil under non-sterile

conditions to make it feasible and practical.

Further experimentation is needed for germplasm

conservation through cryopreservation and to

perfect the technology so that it can be used on a

commercial scale.

GENETIC TRANSFORMATION AND RESISTANCE TO

PEST AND DISEASE THROUGH GENETIC

ENGINEERING

WHY AGRICULTURE BIOTECHNOLOGY IS

IMPORTANT

In a world where 800 million

people, living mostly in rural

areas, go hungry every day,

food demand is set to double

in the next thirty years and

arable land is limited,

advances in agriculture are

critical if we are to reduce

hunger and promote growth

and development in a

socially acceptable and

environmentally sustainable

way.

WHY AGRICULTURE BIOTECHNOLOGY IN

IMPORTANT

BENEFITS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE

?

Crop Performance

Environmental Resistant Crops

Nutrition Supplement

Pest resistant CropsImproved Size

Reduced Dependence on Pesticides

Higher Crop yields

BIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIES

Biocon

Established in 1978 and based in Bengaluru, Karnataka, Biocon is an Indian

biopharmaceutical enterprise. Biocon exports its pharmaceutical products to

the American and European markets. Biocon's two subsidiaries are clinical

research company Clinigene and custom research company Syngene. Biocon

is present in over 70 countries around the world and is the leading

biotechnology company in India. Biocon's businesses and services include

small molecules, biosimilars, branded formulations, novel molecules and

research services.

Serum Institute of India

Serum Institute of India is an Indian biotechnology company that

manufactures immunobiological drugs and vaccines. It is a subsidiary of the

Poonawalla Group. Serum Institute of India was founded in 1966 and is

headquartered in Pune, Maharashtra. The company is amongst the leaders in

making the Rubella, Tetanus, Measles and Diphtheria vaccines in India. It

supplies vaccines and medicines to over 100 countries across the globe.

Panacea Biotec Limited

Panacea Biotech Limited was incorporated in 1984 and is headquarteredin New Delhi. It is an Indian health management and research basedpharmaceutical company involved in research and marketing of naturalproducts, vaccines and pharmaceutical formulations. Panacea is surelyamongst the top biotechnology companies in India that serve the medicalfields such as nephrology, orthopaedic, respiratory and diabetologythrough their quality products. More than 60 countries receive theservices of Panacea Biotech Limited

Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Limited

Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited is also one of the leading biotechcompanies in India. It was established in 1984 and has its headquartersin Hyderabad, Telangana. A vast range of pharmaceutical products aremanufactured by Dr. Reddy's Laboratories in India and abroad. Itproduces diagnostic kits, biotechnology products and pharmaceuticalIngredients. The products of this company are exported to a number ofcountries in North America, Africa, Europe and Asia.

Wockhardt

Wockhardt was founded in 1967 and is headquartered in

Mumbai, Maharashtra. The premium range of products

manufactured by Wockhardt belongs to pharmaceutical

ingredients, pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical

formulations. Wockhardt extends its services and products to

over 15 countries around the world. The company employees

close to 8,000 people across the globe.

GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Limited

One of the oldest and most experienced players in the

biotechnology industry of India, GlaxoSmithKline

Pharmaceuticals Limited was incorporated in 1924.

GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals is one of the world's top

research based health management and pharmaceutical

companies. Its medicines range across therapeutic areas

such as respiratory diseases, anti-infectives, cardiovascular

diseases, dermatology, oncology, gynaecology and diabetes.

It also provides vaccines for cervical cancer, hepatitis B,

hepatitis A, rota-virus, influenza, tetanus, chickenpox,

pertussis and diphtheria amongst many.

Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited

Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited was started in 1971 and has its

headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is an Indian manufacturer

of biotechnological and pharmaceutical products. The significant

medical fields that are covered by a wide range of pharmaceutical

products provided by Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited are

nephrology, critical care and haematology.

Novozymes

Novozymes is a Danish biotechnology company headquartered in

Copenhagen, Denmark and was founded in 2000. Novozymes

exports its pharmaceutical products to a number of countries

including India, China, Canada, the United States, the United

Kingdom, Argentina and Brazil amongst many. The wide range of

products manufactured and marketed by Novozymes includes

biopharmaceutical enzymes and ingredients that are supplied to

bioenergy, agriculture, beverage and biopharma sectors.

Indian Immunologicals Limited

Indian Immunologicals Limited is a top Indian biotechnology

company founded in 1982 by The National Dairy Development Board

(NDDB). It has biotechnology laboratories and manufacturing plant in

Hyderabad, Rajkot and Ooty. Indian Immunologicals Limited is

renowned for manufacturing vaccines for foot-and-mouth diseases

such as bacterial diseases, rabies, hepatitis, canine vaccines,

measles, DPT and MMR.

Shantha Biotechnics Limited

Shantha Biotechnics Limited is an Indian biotechnology firm

incorporated in 1993 and is headquartered in Hyderabad, Telangana.

It is a subsidiary of the Sanofi Group and pioneered the

development, production and marketing of 'recombinant human

healthcare medicines' in India. The company manufactures vaccines

for the diseases such diphtheria, tetanus, influenza and cholera.

BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH CENTRES

INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH

(ICMR)

Centre JALMA Institute of Leprosy

National Institute of Occupational Health

Tuberculosis Research Centre

National Institute of Epidemiology

Malaria Research Centre

Institute of Pathology

Institute of Research in Medical Statistics

National Institute of Nutrition

National Centre for Laboratory Animal Science

Food and Drug Toxicology Research Centre

National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases

Centre for Research in Medical Entomology

National Institute for Research in Reproductive

Health

Institute of Immunohaemotology

Enterovirus Research Centre

o Genetic Research Centre

o Institute of Cytology and Preventive

Oncology

o Rajendra Memorial Research Institute

of Medical Sciences

o Vector Control Research Centre

o National Institute of Virology

o National AIDS Research Institute (NARI)

o Regional Medical Research Centre

Bhubaneswar

o Regional Medical Research Centre

Dibrugarh

o Regional Medical Research Centre Port

Blair

o Regional Medical Research Centre

Jabalpur

o Desert Medicine Research Centre

Jodhpur

COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH (CSIR)

CBRI - Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee

CDRI - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow

CEERI - Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani

CFTRI - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore

CIMAP - Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Lucknow

CMERI - Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur

CMRI - Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad

o IICB - Indian Institute of

Chemical Biology, Calcutta

o IIP - Indian Institute of

Petroleum, Dehradun

o IHBT - Institute of Himalayan

Bioresource Technology,

Palampur

o ITRC - Industrial Toxicology

Research Centre, Lucknow

o NBRI - National Botanical

Research Institute, Lucknow

o NEERI - National

Environmental Engineering

Research Institute, Nagpur

o NIO - National Institute of

Oceanography, Goa

o NISTADS - National Institute

of Science, Technology &

Development Studies, New

Delhi

NPL - National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi

RRL, BHU - Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneshwar

RRL, JT - Regional Research Laboratory, Jorhat

SERC, M - Structural Engineering Research Centre, Madras

CSIR Headquarters

CCMB - Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Hyderabad

CECRI - Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi

CFRI - Central Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad

CGCRI - Central Glass & Ceramic research Institute, Calcutta

CLRI - Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai

C-MMACS - CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation, Bangalore

o CRRI - Central Road Research Institute,

New Delhi

o CSMCRI - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals

Research Institute, Bhavnagar

o IICT - Indian Institute of Chemical

Technology, Hyderabad

o IGIB - (Institute of genomics and Integrative

Biology)

o IMT - Institute of Microbial Technology,

Chandigarh

o NAL - National Aerospace Laboratories,

Bangalore

o NCL - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune

o NGRI - National Geophysical Research

Institute, Hyderabad

o NISCAIR - National Institute of Science

Communication and Information Resources,

New Delhi

o NML - National Mettalurgical Laboratory,

Jamshedpur

o RRL,BHO- Regional Research Laboratory,

Bhopal

o RRL, JM - Regional Research Laboratory,

Jammu

o RRL, TVM - Regional Research Laboratory,

Thiruvananthapuram

CONCLUSION

The potential of biotechnology in providing solutions toproblems of health, agriculture, food production,environmental protection and biodiversity conservationwhich are vital for India and other developing countries,a major programme has been embarked identifyingthrust areas of relevance, establishing the infrastructure,developing specialised manpower, and encouraginginteractions between academic and researchinstitutions, industry and entrepreneurs. The Departmentof Biotechnology is providing adequate financial supportand other inputs for the growth of technology and itsapplications, and trying to remove, some of thebottlenecks that have come to notice. India canconfidently look forward to reaping the fruits of thispowerful technology in the years to come.

THANK YOU