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Situational Analysis:An Emerging Tool for
Uncovering Theoretical Complexity
American Psychological AssociationChristopher Beasley, PhD, MA
2016
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT RESEARCH TEAM
• Grounded Theory– Understand the action
• Situational Analysis– Understand the situation of the action
Goals
Clarke, 2005; Clarke, 2015
• Grounded theory analysis• Situational maps• Social worlds/arenas maps• Positional maps
SA Process Overview
Clarke, 2005; Clarke et al., 2015
Situational Maps
Clarke, 2005
• Most important human & nonhuman elements of the situation– People & things in the situation– Which seem to make a difference in the
situation– Which of these matter most in the situation– What facilitates action– What hinders action
• Used for relational analysis
Situational Maps
Clarke, 2005
Messy Situational Map
Clarke, 2005
Ordered Situational Map
Clarke, 2005
• Describing relationships between elements– Range of elements related to– Specific elements related to– Strength of relationship between elements– Prominent relationships
• Absence of expected relationships
Relational Analysis
Clarke, 2005
Relational Map
Shostak, S, 2003
• Examines collective entities– Naming– Describing– Relationships between– Discourse w/i & b/t
Social Worlds/Arena
Clarke, 2005; Clark et al., 2015
• Collective entities in worlds• Commitments of each world• How commitments are fulfilled• Work done by each world• Past actions & expected future actions• Specific sites of action and what they’re like• How work furthers world’s agenda• How world describes itself in discourse• How world describes other worlds• Technologies used, implicated, or produced• How technology moves w/i & between worlds
Social Worlds
Clarke, 2005
• Focus of the arena• Social worlds present & active• Expected but absent worlds• Boundaries between worlds • Discourse produced by worlds within an
arena• Controversies in discourse• Arena-wide discourses• Surprising silences in discourse
Social Arenas
Clarke, 2005
Social Worlds/Arenas Map
Clarke, 2005
Social Worlds/Arena Map
Shostak, 2003
• Positions in the situation• Missing positions• Site-specific positions
Positional Map
Clarke, 2005; Clarke et al., 2015
Positional Map
Clarke, 2005
Positional Map
Shostak, S, 2003
• Situational Maps– Elements in the situation– Relationship between elements
• Social Worlds/Arenas Maps– Collective entities– Nature of collective entities– Relationships between collective entities– Discourse in worlds/arenas
• Positional Maps– Various positions taken in discourse– Missing positions
Summary
• Developing complex situation-specific theories
• Combining situation-specific theories into complex universal theories
• Developing complex adaptive systems models for communities
Future Directions
Clarke, A. (2005). Situational analysis: Grounded theory after the postmodern turn. Sage.
Clarke, A. E., Friese, C., & Washburn, R. (2015). Situational analysis in practice: Mapping research with grounded theory. Left Coast Press.
Bone, D. (2002). Dilemmas of emotion work in nursing under market-driven health care. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 15(2), 140-150.
Shostak, S. (2003). Locating gene–environment interaction: at the intersections of genetics and public health. Social Science & Medicine,56(11), 2327-2342.
References