STEM CELL

Four typesEMBRYONIC STEM CELLSADULT STEM CELLSPLACENTAL STEM CELLS (Cord Blood Stem Cells)

AMNIOTIC FLUID STEM CELLS

Three general properties: they are capable of dividing themselves for long periods; they are unspecialized; and they can give rise to specialized cell types.

TOTIPOTENT/PLURIPOTENTMULTIPOTENTQUADRIPOTENTTRIPOTENTBIPOTENTUNIPOTENT

Multipotent hematopoieticStem cell

(hemocytoblast)

Common myeloidprogenitor

Common Lymphoidprogenitor

Small lymphocyte

B lymphocyte T lymphocyte

Natural killer cell(Large granular Lymphocyte)

Plasma cell

Monocyte

Macrophage

EosinophilBasophil

Thrombocyte

Megakaryocyte

Erythrocyte Mast cell Mayeloblast

Neutrophil

SCNT--CLO

NE

Fundamental properties of an Embryonic Stem CellDerived from the inner cell mass/epiblast of the blastocyst.

Capable of undergoing an unlimited number of symmetrical divisions without differentiating (long-term self-renewal).

Exhibit and maintain a stable, full (diploid), normal complement of chromosomes (karyotype).

Pluripotent ES cells can give rise to differentiated cell types that are derived from all three primary germ layers of the embryo (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm).

Capable of integrating into all fetal tissues during development.

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Capable of colonizing the germ line and giving rise to egg or sperm cells.

Clonogenic, that is a single ES cell can give rise to a colony of genetically identical cells, or clones, which have the same properties as the original cell.

Expresses the transcription factor Oct-4,

Can be induced to continue proliferating or to differentiate.

Lacks the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle.

ES cells spend most of their time in the S phase of the cell cycle, during which they synthesize DNA. Unlike differentiated somatic cells, ES cells do not require any external stimulus to initiate DNA replication.

Do not show X inactivation. In every somatic cell of a female mammal, one of the two X chromosomes becomespermanently inactivated. X inactivation does not occur in undifferentiated ES cells.

Stem Cell Markers

c-KitOct4 (ATGCAAAT) POU Family Protein

CD34CD38

Cd44

CD133Nestin

Cells in suspension are tagged with fluorescent markers specific for undifferentiated stem cell

Labeled cells are sent under pressure through a small nozzleand pass through an electric field

A cell generates a negative charge if it fluoresces and a positive charge if it does not.

Laser beam passes through one cell

FLUROSCENT ACTIVATED CELL SORTING

Stem cell

SEPARATION OF STEM CELL

Diseases that are treated by stem cells are:1) Acute Leukemia• Acute Lymphoblast Leukemia (ALL)• Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)• Acute Biphenotypic Leukemia • Acute Undifferentiated Leukemia2) Chronic Leukemia• Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)• Juvenile Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (JCML) • Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)Syndromes• Myelodysplastic Syndromes• Amyloidosis• Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML)• Refractory Anemia (RA)• Refractory Anemia with Excess Blasts (RAEB)• Refractory Anemia with Excess Blasts in Transformation • (RAEB-T)• Refractory Anemia with Ringed Sideroblasts (RARS)

Disorders1) Stem Cell Disorders• Aplastic Anemia (Severe)• Fanconi Anemia • Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria • Congenital Cytopenia• Dyskeratosis Congenita2) Myeloproliferative Disorders• Acute Myelofibrosis • Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia • Polycythemia Vera • Essential Thrombocythemia3) Lymphoproliferative Disorders• Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Hodgkin’s disease • Prolymphocytic Leukemia4) Phagocyte Disorders• Chediak-Higashi Syndrome • Chronic Granulomatous Disease • Neutrophil Actin Deficiency • Reticular Dysgenesis

5) Inherited Metabolic Disorders• Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) • Hurler’s Syndrome (MPS-IH) • Scheie Syndrome (MPS-IS) • Hunter’s Syndrome (MPS-II) • Sanfilippo Syndrome (MPS-III) • Morquio Syndrome (MPS-IV)• Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome (MPS-VI)• Sly Syndrome, Beta-Glucuronidase Deficiency • Adrenoleukodystrophy • Mucolipidosis II (I-cell Disease)• Krabbe Disease • Gaucher’s Disease • Niemann-Pick Disease • Wolman Disease • Metachromatic Leukodystrophy6) Histiocytic Disorders• Familial Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis • Histiocytosis-X • Hemophagocytosis• Langerhans’ Cell Histiocytosis

7) Inherited Immune System Disorders• Ataxia-Telangiectasia• Kostmann Syndrome• Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency • DiGeorge Syndrome • Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome • Omenn’s Syndrome• Severe Combined Immunodeficiency • SCID with Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency• Absence of T & B Cells SCID • Absence of T Cells, Normal B Cell SCID• Common Variable Immunodeficiency • Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome• X-Linked Lymphoproliferative DisorderOther Inherited Disorders• Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome • Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia • Glanzmann Thrombasthenia • Osteopetrosis• Adrenoleukodystrophy• Ceroid Lipofuscinosis• Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria• Sandhoff Disease

9) Plasma Cell Disorders• Multiple Myeloma • Plasma Cell Leukemia • Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia• AmyloidosisAbnormalities1) Inherited Platelet AbnormalitiesCongenital Thrombocytopenia2) Inherited Erythrocyte Abnormalities• Beta Thalassemia Major • Sickle Cell Disease• Blackfan-Diamond Anemia• Pure Red Cell AplasiaOther Malignancies• Ewing Sarcoma • Neuroblastoma• Renal Cell Carcinoma• Retinoblastoma• Brain tumor• Ovarian Cancer• Small Cell Lung Cancer• Testicular Cancer