Cellular Maturation Stages & Clinical SignificanceT-Lymphocytes, T-Helper Cells & Cytotoxic T Cells

Ashley Hamilton and Rachel YoungSpring 2015 - Professor Terri Domenici

College of Southern Maryland

T- Lymphocytes: Cell-mediated Immunity

T- Helper Cells: orchestrate an immune response, will call on specific killer cells

Cytotoxic T Cells (Killer Cells): matching receptors to the antigen complexes on the infected cells. Will release toxins when it comes in contact.

Natural Killer Cells: Have no immunologic memory.

Role of Cell in the BodyQUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ABNORMALITIES

LymphoblastSize: 10-20 μm N:C ratio: 4:1Chromatin: One – two nucleoli, open-weaved chromatinCytoplasm: Blue, with deep-blue staining at the edge• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is caused by an increase in lymphoblast cells.

ProlymphocyteSize: 9-18 μm N:C ratio: 3:1Chromatin: Possible nucleoli, slightly coarse chromatinCytoplasm: Gray-blue, mostly blue at edges• An prolymphocytic transformation is the increase in prolymphocyte cells when CLL is transforming to a more aggressive lymphoma

Large lymphocyteSize: 7-10 μm N:C ratio: 4:1Chromatin: Oval eccentric nucleus, clumpy chromatinCytoplasm: Few, azurophilic, red granules Distinguishing Aspects: Cytoplasm is more abundant, azurophilic granules• Large Lymphocytes indicate large granular lymphocyte leukemia, can be either T cell or NK cell.

Small lymphocyteSize: 15-18 μm N:C ratio: 3:1Chromatin: Looser chromatin patternCytoplasm: Large amount cytoplasmDistinguishing Aspects: Clumping chromatin around nuclear membrane• Small lymphocytic lymphoma is a lymphoma affecting the B-lymphocytes of the immune system. These B-cells may be present in lymph nodes.

CELL LINE MATURATION/DISEASES AT EACH STAGE

Abnormal Cells

• Mayo Clinic Staff. ( 2012, September 15). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from Acute lymphocytic leukemia: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20042915

• Alberts B, J. A. (2002). Lymphocytes and the Cellular Basis of Adaptive Immunity. In J. A. Alberts B, Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. (pp. 497-523). New York: Garland Science. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

• Territo, M. (2013, January 1). Lymphocytic Leukocytosis. Retrieved from www.merckmanuals.com: http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood_disorders/white_blood_cell_disorders/lymphocytic_leukocytosis.html

• Zhang, D. &. (2012, DECEMBER 8). www.asheducationbook.org. Retrieved from Hematology : http://.hematologylibrary.org/content/2012/1/652.full

  

Bibliography

Cytokines and Growth Factors

The cytokines used in the T cell line includes, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-7. These are used from the pluripotent stem cell until the cell reaches the T Lymphoblast stage, then cell development is antigen driven.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: increase of the lymphoblast cells in a peripheral smear.

Infectious mononucleosis: viral infection, presence of 50% lymphocytes with at least 10% atypical lymphocytes

Prolymphocytic Leukemia: A type of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Bone Marrow Aspiration: Increase of mature small lymphocytes indicates chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Peripheral Smear: Reactive Lymphocytes are a clear indication of infections (particularly viral and rickettsia infections, whooping-cough (pertussis), bacterial infections in infants and young children. infections in infants and young

CBC: If the number of T cells is abnormally decreased, this is an indication of AIDS. In conditions, such as infections and blood diseases, there is an abnormal increase in T cells.Neoplastic Chemistries: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Other lymphoid leukemia’s Lymphomas in leukemic phase

March 27, 2015