Unit 2 HydrosphereUnit 2 Hydrosphere

What is the hydrosphere?What is the hydrosphere?

• All the water on the Earth including All the water on the Earth including the solid, liquid and gas forms.the solid, liquid and gas forms.

• Water in the oceans, rivers and Water in the oceans, rivers and lakes.lakes.

• Water in the glaciers and under the Water in the glaciers and under the ground.ground.

GroundwaterGroundwater• There is 20 times more water under There is 20 times more water under

your feet than all the rivers and lakes your feet than all the rivers and lakes on the Earth!on the Earth!

• Groundwater resides in formations Groundwater resides in formations called aquifers.called aquifers.

• The water table forms the upper The water table forms the upper boundary of the aquifer.boundary of the aquifer.

• Porosity is the percentage of spaces Porosity is the percentage of spaces in a total volume of rock.in a total volume of rock.

• Permeability is the ability of rock or Permeability is the ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow.soil to allow water to flow.

• Water in an aquifer is stored in Water in an aquifer is stored in spaces in the soil.spaces in the soil.

• Materials like clay or granite or Materials like clay or granite or impermeable.impermeable.

• Sandstone, limestone and gravel are Sandstone, limestone and gravel are permeable.permeable.

Types of WellsTypes of Wells• Artesian well- well drilled into a confined Artesian well- well drilled into a confined

aquifer; under pressure it flows freelyaquifer; under pressure it flows freely

• well- drilled into an unconfined aquifer; it well- drilled into an unconfined aquifer; it needs pumpingneeds pumping

• Perched well- drilled into an aquifer that Perched well- drilled into an aquifer that is perched above the normal water table, is perched above the normal water table, it is separate from the other aquifersit is separate from the other aquifers

Let’s Build An Aquifer Let’s Build An Aquifer Model!Model!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUt43dSOsZQ

Water PollutionWater Pollution• There are two main types of There are two main types of

pollution.pollution.

• Point-source pollution is easier to Point-source pollution is easier to identify since it comes from a single identify since it comes from a single source that is traceable.source that is traceable.

• Non-point source pollution may come Non-point source pollution may come from several areas and is difficult to from several areas and is difficult to trace.trace.

Hazardous WhoDunit?Hazardous WhoDunit?

• Can you find the source of the Can you find the source of the pollution?pollution?

• Pollution Experiment with LemonadePollution Experiment with Lemonade

Oil SpillsOil Spills• Oil spills can occur on land but Oil spills can occur on land but

commonly occur in water. commonly occur in water. • They are caused by oil rigs or pipes They are caused by oil rigs or pipes

being damaged or by oil tanker ships being damaged or by oil tanker ships sinking or becoming damaged.sinking or becoming damaged.

• Oil spills affect the local economy Oil spills affect the local economy and the plants and animals that live and the plants and animals that live in or near the water.in or near the water.

Palate Cleanser…awwwww!Palate Cleanser…awwwww!

Making Water Safe to Drink.Making Water Safe to Drink.

• Water cleanliness is important.Water cleanliness is important.

• Many countries do not have clean Many countries do not have clean water or share the same facilities water or share the same facilities with waste areas.with waste areas.

• Water filtration is a many step Water filtration is a many step process.process.

Let’s Clean Up The Water!Let’s Clean Up The Water!

• Build a filter using materials brought Build a filter using materials brought from home and other available from home and other available materials.materials.

OceansOceans• Ocean currents are created by Ocean currents are created by

differences in salinity in the water and differences in salinity in the water and by temperature changes.by temperature changes.

• Saltier water is denser and will sink to Saltier water is denser and will sink to the bottom creating a down current.the bottom creating a down current.

• Cold currents sink and warm currents Cold currents sink and warm currents rise.rise.

• Ocean currents moderate our Ocean currents moderate our temperatures and weather on land.temperatures and weather on land.

Let’s create an ocean current Let’s create an ocean current model!model!