Value chain analysis for products and by-products from egg laying birds in peri-urban areas of Nairobi City

Joshua Onono, Pablo Alarcon, Barbara Haesler, Eric Fevre, Maurice Karani, Patrick Muinde, James Akoko, Maud Carron and Jonathan Rushton

14th conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Merida, Yucatan, Mexico

3-7 November 2015

Population of layer birds in Nairobi

There is a need for better understanding of flow of inputs and outputs between these systems to identify and target disease risks.

Objectives

The objective was to map profiles of value chains for products and by-products from commercial layers and indigenous birds within the City of Nairobi.

Materials and methods – Study areas

Materials and methods – Data collection

• Focus group discussions with poultry farmers: layers, Indigenous birds.

– Inputs (day old chicks, mature birds, water, veterinary care, feed);

– Outputs (products, buyers, farm gate prices).– Challenges of poultry production, disease and food safety

risk.

• Key informant interviews with extension officers

– Triangulation of information

Materials and methods – Data analysis

• Mapping the chain for each system – Interaction between value chain actors– Flow of products and inputs.– Qualitative description of risk practises

• Ranking challenges using non-parametric methods (Kruskal Wallis One way Anova).

Results: Commercial layer profile

Large-s c alehatc heries

Sm all- s c alehatc he r ie s H aw kers

S o u rc e s o f c hic k sW AT ER S O UR C ES(W ater v en d o r s an d

b o r eh o le )

S m a ll-s c a le fa rm s(1 -1 ,0 0 0 )

M e d iu m -s c a le fa rm s(1 ,0 0 0 - 2 ,0 0 0 )

La rge -s c a le fa rm s(2 ,0 0 0 -1 0 ,0 0 0 )

S p en t lay e rs E ggs M a nu reE m p ty fe e d b a gs

Cro p fa rms ,n eig h b o r in gfa rms , u p -c o u n t ry ,

h o rt ic u ltu ra l p ro je c tsC attle f eed

Un f ilte r ed F ilter ed

Bro k er s F u rn itu rew o r k s h o p s

M a izefa rme rs / s h o p s

6 0 % 20% 20%

B roke rs Ho m ec o n s u m p tio n

Ho te ls /k io s k s Sho ps H awke rs Bro k er s /m ark e ts

/h o te ls /h o m ec o n s u m p tio n

5 0 % 2 0 % 3 0 %6 0 % 3 0 % 10%

A gro vets Agro ve tsInform a l s e ttle m e nts Inform a l s e ttle m e nts

L e f to ve r ,was te s f ro mP o s ho m ills

C om m e rc ia lfe e ds : U ng a ,P e m be , e tc

S o u rc e s o f fe e d

Results: Indigenous bird’s profileS o u r ce s o f b ir d s

O w n farm(fe rtilised

eggs)

U p-countryfa rm s N G O

(D o lep )

S m all scale farm s(1 -5 0 b ird s )

M ed iu m sca le fa rm s(5 0 -1 0 0 b ird s )

L arge scale farm s(100- 150 birds)

N e ighbours C e re m onie sH o m e

co n s u m p tio n(h o lid a y s ,v is ito rs )

E stab lish edfa rm s

C h ick s fro m o th er fa rm s

(to s ta rt a flo c k )

m ajority

Sta r te r fa rm s O w n fa rmO th e r fa rm sA n m a l fee d s

Im p ro vedin d egen o u sgen o typ es

W A TE R(V en d o rs &

b o reh o le )

F E E DL e fto v e rs , K ien y e ji

m as h , m a iz e an dsc aven gin g

M a tu re live b ird s C h ick s (2 m on th ) E ggs B y-prod uc ts

v e ry fe w few

N e igh b o u rsH a w k e rs

Sh o p sH o m e

c o n su m p tio n

B a k e r ie sB ro k e r s

H o te ls / K io skH a tc h in g

F es tiva lsD isp o sa l

F ish in g lin e

M a n u re F ea th ers

Results: type of eggs destination

Types of eggs Retailer type Small egg size Brokers who mixes with

bigger eggs

Eggs with yellow yolk

Restaurants and kiosks

Eggs with cracked shell

Hawkers, neighbouring households

Eggs with weaker shells

Hawkers, neighbours households

Results: strategies for handling sick and dead birds System Peri-urban areas Informal settlements

Commercial layers

• Seek advice from veterinarians, hatcheries

• Isolation of sick birds• Slaughter before bird dies• Take the sick birds to agrovets

and seek advice on treatment of those remaining in flock

• Dead birds are boiled and fed to dogs

• Burying dead birds• Given to garbage

collectors• Home consumption• Slaughter before birds

die• Disposal in public

damping sites

Indigenous layers

• Burying dead birds• Taken to “agrovets” for advice

on how to treat those remaining in flocks

• Slaughter before sick bird dies

• Home consumption• Burning of dead birds

Results: Challenges of layer production

Barriers for layer production

Commercial farms (Mean sum ranks)

Indigenous farms (Mean sum ranks)

Availability & quality of feed 108.1 (2.6)* 130.5 (3.2)*Occurrence of diseases 107.0 (2.4)* 134.8 (3.5)*Price volatility 87.9 (0.6) 111.1 (1.4)Water availability 82.7 (0.1) 85.8 (-0.8)Competition from producers 80.2 (-0.1) 86.7 (-0.8)

Land for expansion 76.9 (-0.4) 89.6 (-0.5)Transport costs to markets 74.9 (-0.6) 61.3 (-3.0)Seasonality of poultry markets

66.2 (-1.5) 89.1 (-0.5)

Harassment by County staff

49.6 (-3.1) 66.3 (-2.6)

() Numbers in parenthesis are Z-scores

* significant

Conclusion • Value chains framework which have been described

are useful for: –Findings are important for assessment of zoonotic pathogen and risk of their spread within the urban areas and in similar settings

–Value chain framework provides some context in which public health officers and veterinarians can formulate policies for control of zoonoses.

–Limited value addition activities along poultry value chains (layers and indigenous birds).

Thank you

University of Nairobi

International Institute for the Environment

and Development

Roslin Institute

Kenya Medical Research Institute

Collaborators

The partners

05/02/23

Results: Farmers knowledge of diseases affecting flocks

System Peri-urban areas Informal settlements

Commercial layers coccidiosis; diarrhoea; infectious bursal disease; Mareks disease; Newcastle disease; worm infestations

calcium deficiency; cannibalism; respiratory problems; foreign bodies; swollen eyelids; coccidiosis; Newcastle disease

Indigenous layers coccidiosis; diarrhoea; flea infestation; sick bird syndrome

diarrhoea; coughing; swollen eyelids; swollen necks