Weeds the common nutritious vegetables for tribal community

Poverty is the principal cause of hunger

Undernourishment around the world, 1990-92 to 2012-14

1990-92 2012-14

(million) ( %) (million) (%)

World 1,014.5 18.7 805.3 11.3

Developed regions 20.4 < 5.0 14.6 < 5.0

Developing regions 994.1 23.4 790.7 14.5

Africa 182.1 27.7 226.7 20.5

Sub-Saharan Africa 176.0 33.3 214.1 23.8

Asia 742.6 23.7 525.6 12.7

Eastern Asia 295.2 23.2 161.2 10.8

South-Eastern Asia 138.0 30.7 63.5 10.3

Southern Asia 291.7 24.0 276.4 15.8

Latin America & Carib. 68.5 15.3 37.0 6.1

FAO, 2014

National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3),India2011

Urban Rural

Stunting, Wasting and Underweight Among Children Under Five Years by Caste/Tribe

National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3),India201107/11/2015 CTN

CTN

UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES, BAGALAKOT

Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi

Chethan T.UHS14PGD76

IInd Ph.D (Hort.)

Weeds: Common source of nutrition to tribal community

Seminar-I

12/19/2015

CTN

Topic division

07/11/2015

IntroductionHistory of weeds

Status & ScenarioDiversity of underutilized vegetablesWeeds as Uncommon

source of nutrientsWeeds at IDP campsEdible weeds of tribes in IndiaWeeds as protective

foodsConclusion

CTN

Weed

Survive in diverse environments and reproduce quickly

A plant in the wrong place

A herbaceous plant not valued for use or beauty, growing wild and rank, and regarded as cumbering the ground or hindering the growth of superior vegetation.

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1

-- The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principle

Plant Place Perception Weeds ecology

3P’s2

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• Traditional foods are those which indigenous peoples have access to locally, without having to purchase them, within traditional knowledge and the natural environment from farming or wild harvesting .

– Kuhnlein et al., 2009.

History • It has long been assumed that weeds, in the sense of rapidly-

evolving plants taking advantage of human-disturbed environments, evolved in response to the Neolithic agricultural revolution approximately 12,000 years ago.

• Researchers have found evidence of "proto-weeds" behaving in similar ways at Ohalo II, a 23,000-year-old archaeological site in Israel.

History never ends….

3

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Shakespearean sonnet: "To thy fair flower add the rank smell of weeds: / But

why thy odour matcheth not thy show, / The soil is this, that thou dost common grow.“

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Status & Scenario

• Tribal population still stores a vast knowledge of local plants as food material and other specific uses. - Sundriyal and sundriyal,

2004

• Quiet a number of plants considered as weeds in modern science have significant value in tribes diet.

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world:• Approximately, there are 30,000 weed species globally.

• 89 % of wide spread & aggressive weeds are edible. - Gisella et al., 2012.

India• SC & ST – 25 % of the total population

- Census of India, 2011

• Tribes constitute of 8 % of the total population.

• 800 species of plants consumed as wild vegetables. - Society of Tribal Women for Development, 2014

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Fig-1: Major countries facing malnutrition in world7

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, 2010

Malnutrition in India8

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<25%25 -34 %

35 -39 %40 % or more

Fig- 2: Percentage of Children, Who Are Underweight


9

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Fig-3 :Percentage of Women (15-49 Years) Who are too thin

<25%25 -34 %

35 -39 %40 % or more


10

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Fig-4: Percentage of Women (15-49 Years) Who Are Overweight

<25%25 -34 %

35 -39 %40 % or more


11

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Fig-5: Mortality by malnutrition in children


12

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Fig-6: Stunting, wasting and under weight among children by mother’s education

13

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Ecological significance of weeds Competition with cultivated and endemic plants

Benefits of weed species– Role in mass extinctions.

– Weeds as adoptable species.

– Plants often considered to be weeds.

14

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Diversity of underutilized vegetables

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Objectives:- 1. Identification of leafy vegetables plant species in Durg dist. 2. Documentation of identified leafy vegetables in the study area. 3. Ethnobotanical uses of edible plant species.

16

07/11/2015 CTNChauhan et al., 2014

Table -1:The identified and collected weeds according to their local names, in different tribal and local languages

Sl. No. Common name Botanical name Family Ethnobotanical

plant part

1. Amrul / tinpania Bhaji Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Leaves

2. Bathua Bhaji Chenopdium album L. Chenopodiaceae Leaves & seeds

3. Bohar bhaji Cordia myxa Roxb. Borangaceaea Leaves

4. Charota bhaji Cassia tora L. Caesalpiniceae Leaves

5. Chaulai kata Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Leaves & seeds

6. Gol bhaji Partulaca oleraceae L. Partulacaceae Whole plant

7. Gumee bhaji Leucas cephalotes Lamiaceae Leaves , flower

8. Haramgi Shorea robusta L. Dipterocarpaceae Young Leaves

9. Hurhuria bhaji Cleome viscosa Capparidaceae Leaves & seeds

10. Jadi bhaji Amaranthus gangaticus Amaranthaceae Leaves & stemContin….

Chauhan et al., 201417

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Sl. No. Common name Botanical name Family Ethnobotanical

plant part11. Jillo bhaji Lathyrus sp. Papilionaceae Leaves

12. Karmota bhaji Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Leaves

13. Kaunaakeny bhaji Commelina bengalensis Commelinaceae Leaves

14. Kusum bhaji Carthemnus oxycantha Asteraceae Leaves

15. Masaria bhaji Corchorus acutangulus Tiliaceae Leaves

16. Muskeny bhaji Merremia emarginata Convolvulaceae Leaves

17. Patawa bhaji Hibiscus cannibinus Malvaceae Leaves

18. Patharri bhaji Boerhaavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Leaves

19. Poi bhaji Basella rubra L. Basellaceae Leaves

20. Salsa bhaji Trianthema portulacastrum

Aizoaceae Leaves


Continued…. 18

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Fig-7: Plant parts used by tribes of Chhattisgarh


19

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Fig-8: Number of plant species with respect to their family


20

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Weeds as vegetables for sticky rice growers of Thailand

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• 87 wild food plants• 65 plants as vegetables.• 2/3rd (66%) are weeds.• 43 weed species were focused

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Table-2: List of weeds consumed as vegetable in Kalasin, Thailand

B. N. Status in GCWWeed in

rice fields of SE Asia

Weed in rice field of

ThailandEdible part Additional use

Amaranthus viridis Agri. Weed shoot Food, medicine &

fodder

Basella rubra Agri. weed, econo. weed shoot Food & medicine

Cassia siamea Envi. weed, econo. Weed shoot Food, medicine &

cleaning

Centella asiatica Agri. weed, econo. weed Whole aerial

parts Food, medicine

Coccinia grandis Agri. weed, noxious weed Shoot,

flower, fruitFood, medicine &

fodder

Cuscuta chinensis Agri. weed, econo. weed Whole aerial

parts Food

Ipomoea aquaticaAgri. weed, econo. weed,Noxious weed

Shoot Food, medicine & fodder

Contin….

Gisella et al., 201223

07/11/2015 CTN

Continued….

B. N. Status in GCWWeed in

rice fields of SE Asia

Weed in rice field of

ThailandEdible part Additional use

Leucaena leucocephala

Agri. weed, Econo. weed,Noxious weed

Shoot, leaves, fruit

Food, medicine, fodder & fuel

Ludwigia adscendens

Agri. weed, Econo. weed,Envi. weed

Shoot, leaves, stem

Food, medicine & fodder

Momordica charantia

Agri. weed, Econo. weed,Envi. Weed

Shoot & fruit Food & medicine

Neptunia oleracea

Naturalised, Econo. weed Shoot Food

Nymphae pubescens

Agri. weed, Econo. weed,Envi. Weed

Stalk of flower Food & medicine

Senna sophera Naturalised, Econo. weed

Shoot, flower, fruit Food & medicine

Spirogyra sp. Econo. weed Whole aerial parts Food & medicine

Gisella et al., 2012 24

Table-3: List of most salient weeds out of the free list of wild vegetables

Gisella et al., 2012

25

Weeds as uncommon source of nutrients

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• 5 tribal tehsils i.e. jhdol, kotra, kherwada, sarada and salumber of udaipur dist.

• Tribes : bheel, Meena, Gharsala and Kathodi• 9 weeds were shortlisted.

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Table-4: Details of leafy vegetables identified during group discussions and their utilization

Scientific name Family Local name Utilization

Asphodelius tenuifolius Liliaceae Piyagi / wanzoo

Decoction of leaves taken orally for toxemia

Cassia tora Leguminaceae Puaria/ punwad

Fresh leaves cooked with maize (nourishing)

Centella asiatica Apiaceae Brahami bhuti

Leaf juice mix with palm jaggery, decoction of leaves.

Euphorbia royleana Euphorbiaceae Thor Leaves are poisonous if not cooked properly

Marsilis minuta Marsiliaceae Jhalod ri bhaji

Incorporate in dhoklas & kadhi

Bhati and Jain,2015Contin…..

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Scientific name Family Local name Utilization

Meliotus indica Fabaceae Pili sangi/ mooda

Once or twice a year then person not suffer from malaria

Polygonum glabrum Polygonaceae Pani vala/ jal nala

Whole plant is purgative. Pakories made by mixing leaves. Juice for colic.

Portulaca oleraceae Portulacaceae Lunakiya Sour in taste, cure kidney disease

Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae Gokhru

Infusion of whole plant orally with milk increase sexual power to cure gonorrhea.

Bhati and Jain, 2015

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FAO’s food balance data

• It has been calculated that about 20% of the world’s population could be at risk of zinc deficiency.

• The average daily intake of Zn is less than 70 μg per day.– Holt & Brown, 2004.

• 7 out of every 10 young children are anaemic.

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Samples

Fresh sampleStored in sealed polybags at

-18±5ºc

Dry sampleDried at 45±5ºc in

hot air oven

ground to fine powder in a

sieve(1 mm) • Atomic absorption spectrophotometer- ca, mg, fe, zn & cu• HPLC - β carotene

Bhati and Jain, 2015

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Table- 5: Proximate composition of weeds per 100gm

Scientific name Moisture(g)

Protein (g)

Fat(g)

Ash(g)

Fibre(g)

CHO(g)

Energy(Kcal)

Asphodelius tenuifolius - 20.24±0.3 3.67±0.1 10.1±0.1 12.3±0.1 53.7±0.3 328.7±0.8

Cassia tora 84.92±0.5 29.38±1.1 5.67±0.6 11.69±0.8 9.52±0.1 43.7±0.7 343.6±3.0

Centella asiatica 85.71±0.3 19.17±0.1 2.43±0.2 18.27±0.2 10.63±0.1 49.5±0.3 296.5±1.3

Euphorbia royleana 93.53±0.6 11.68±0.2 9.47±0.1 14.15±0.5 9.04±0.1 55.6±0.1 354.5±0.3

Marsilis minuta 70.14±1.8 24.52±0.7 3.17±0.2 8.32±0.1 10.64±0.1 53.2±0.8 340.3±2.3

Meliotus indica 79.57±0.6 30.45±0.6 5.27±0.6 10.58±0.6 7.47±0.4 46.2±0.2 354.1±1.7

Polygonum glabrum 84.86±0.8 28.90±0.2 2.37±0.6 12.44±0.5 7.62±0.1 48.6±0.7 331.6±2.3

Portulaca oleraceae 90.94±0.2 19.26±0.5 3.37±0.1 26.37±0.5 7.47±0.2 43.5±0.4 281.45±2.0

Tribulus terrestris 82.16±0.3 20.92±0.4 1.63±0.2 16.55±0.3 16.6±0.2 44.2±0.6 275.92±1.6

*on dry weight basis, *± standard deviation Bhati and Jain, 2015

32

S. name Ca(mg)

Mg(mg)

Fe (mg)

Zn(mg)

Cu (mg)

A. tenuifolius 853.3±1.2 63.2±0.9 44.3±0.8 11.2±0.7 0.91±0.3

C. tora 976.6±0.5 72.9±0.8 53.9±0.6 9.73±0.4 0.92±0.3

C. asiatica 893.4±1.5 72.8±0.8 59.0±0.8 23.7±1.0 1.32±0.1

E. royleana 793.9±0.9 81.5±0.9 17.0±0.4 13.9±0.6 2.78±0.1

M. minuta 66.5±0.6 54.0±0.3 28.1±1.4 4.54±0.1 0.42±0.0

M. indica 755.5±1.0 71.1±0.8 43.4±0.7 9.85±0.9 1.11±0.0

P. glabrum 719.5±1.7 75.9±0.9 53.1±1.3 6.12±0.3 0.25±0.0

P. oleraceae 799.1±0.5 134.3±0.6 97.0±0.7 42.8±1.0 2.54±0.2

T. terrestris 1935.5±1.0 93.5±1.8 47.9±1.0 9.73±0.4 0.92±0.0

Table-6: Minerals and vitamins composition in selected weeds per 100gm

*minerals on dry weight basis, *± standard deviation Bhati and Jain, 2015

33

S. name β-carotene(g)

Ascorbic acid(mg)

Oxalic acid(mg)

Tannin(g)

A. tenuifolius 849.3±1.5 67.8±2.2 172.5±2.6 8.0±0.5

C. tora 6300.7±1.5 38.3±0.1 31.5±0.0 9.2±0.5

C. asiatica 2890.7±1.5 69.3±0.3 75.0±2.6 6.6±0.5

E. royleana 850.7±0.7 68.0±1.9 337.5±0.0 8.0±1.0

M. minuta 491.5±1.5 33.7±2.3 10.5±2.6 7.7±0.0

M. indica 960.3±1.1 88.1±0.5 166.5±0.0 8.3±0.5

P. glabrum 849.7±0.5 40.4±2.4 91.5±2.6 9.5±0.0

P. oleraceae 940.6±0.6 61.9±1.5 601.5±2.6 7.5±0.5

T. terrestris 2100.3±1.1 42.1±1.6 34.5±2.6 10.9±0.5

Table-7: Anti nutritional composition in selected weeds per 100gm

*β-carotene, Ascorbic acid and Oxalic acid on fresh weight basis,*Tannins on dry weight basis, *± standard deviation Bhati and Jain, 2015

34

Weeds at IDP camps

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• Four broad leaf weeds were analyzed for proximate composition.

• Weed samples were collected randomly from the fields, road sides and waste areas surrounded from I.D.Ps camps settled in Peshawar

Khan and Khan , 2012

36

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Table- 8: List of collected weed species used by IDPs as a food 37

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Table- 9: Mineral content of selected wild leafy vegetables on dry weight basis(mg)


38

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Table- 10: Macronutrient content of selected wild leafy vegetables (mg) on dry weight basis


39

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Fig-10: Graphical presentation of proximate composition of weeds (g)


40

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Edible weeds of tribes in India

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• 10 ethnic groups• Tribal groups: Santhal, Sounti, Gond, Juang, Kol, Bhumiz, Oraon,

Munda, Kharwar and Chero• 43 species of weeds

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Table-11: Edible weeds of tribal of eastern India

S. N. Tribes Habitat & Edible part

Portulaca quadrifida Kol & Munda Herb grows in waste lands. Consume leaves in rainy season.

Marsilea minuta All tribes Herb of wet places. Consume leaves.

Medicago lupulina Munda Annual weed of wheat & pea fields. Eat young plants.

Melochia corchorifolia Santhal In bunds of rice field and waste places. Consume leaves

Centella asiatica Oraon & Munda

Herb, found in wet places, consume as vegetable

Cassia tora All tribes Weed in waste land during summer, eaten as vegetable, leaves

Sinha and Lakra, 2007Conti….

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S. N. Tribes Habitat & Edible part

Cleome viscosa All tribesPubescent herb in cultivated & uncultivated fields, consume young plants

Celosia cristata Oraon Annual herb, found in upland during rainy season, consume leaves.

Chenopodium album All tribes Weed grows with rabi crops, eat as curry

Spergula arvensis Oraon Weed in cultivated fields of gram, pea. Consume leaves

Leucas cephalotes All tribes Weed in kharif crops, consume leaves

Rumex maritimus Bhumiz & Oraon

Annual Weed grows in waste places. Consume leaves

Sinha and Lakra, 2007

Continued…..44

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• Rapport building and community mobilization

• Door to door interview• Focal group discussions (FGD’s)

07/11/2015 CTN

45

Table- 12 : Wild Edible Plants Consumed by Rajgond Tribe

Scientific name Family Habitat & Edible part

Alocasia macrorhiza Araceae Road side in August-November. Leaves

Capparis zeylanica L. Capparaceae Climber of hilly area, fruits cook as vegetable.

Cassia tora Caesalpinaceaea Herb of waste land in winter. Leaves

Clerodendrum seratum Verbenaceae Shrub in forest, young leaves.

Alocasia macrorhiza Araceae Grows on Water bodies, leaves

Dendrocalamus strictus Poaceae Grass in forest, young shoot

Dioscoria bulbifera Dioscoreaceae Climber in forest, tuber.

Ipomoea muricata Convolvuluceae Weed along fences in village, Aug.-Nov., fruits

Deshpande et al., 2015

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• Special findings:-

• Arogyapaccha: Tricopus zeylanicus

• Edible part – Unripe fruit

• Eaten by tribes to remain healthy and

agile during tracking trips in hills.

• Daily consumption

Deshpande et al., 2015

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Weeds for self and species preservation

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• 50 wild leafy vegetables.

• 31 family, 38 genera & 50 species.

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07/11/2015 CTN Singh, 2014

Table- 13: List of Wild Leafy Vegetable Plants of Chotanagpur

B. N. Family Habit & Habitat Season Method of consumption

Achyranthus aspera Amaranthaceae

HerbWeed in waste

fieldsAug. –Feb.

Fresh leaves together with other spinach greens are cooked and eaten.

Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae

HerbWeed in wet & cultivated fields

July – Jan. Fried/Roasted then eaten

Basella rubra Basellaceae Herb

Weeds, often cultivated.

Sept.-MarStem and leaves are used to prepare curry.

Bigonia picta Bigoniaceae HerbWeed in wet land Aug.-Nov.

Leaves are collected, cooked as curry and taken.

Butomopsis latifolia Alismataceae

Annual HerbWeed , aquatic &

marshyWhole year

Boiled then water is squeezed out and then cooked as pot herb.

Singh, 2014

Contin….

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Continued….

B. N. Family Habit & Habitat Season Method of consumption

Cassia tora CaesalpiniceaeHerb

Weed in waste fields

Mar.-may Tender leaves are cooked and eaten

Chinopodium album Chenopodiaceae

HerbWeed along with

rabi cropsRainy

Leaves and young shoots are collected, fried/ roasted then eaten.

Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae

HerbWeed in mud &

water bodies

Whole year

Leaves and tender shoots are collected, cooked and then eaten

Sagittaria sagittifolia Alismataceae

HerbWeed , aquatic &

marshy

Whole year

Boiled then water is squeezed out and then cooked as pot herb

Monochoria vaginalis Pontederiaceae Weed , aquatic &

marshy Apr.-Sept.Cooked/Steamed and eaten

Singh, 2014

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Table - 14: Composition of Wild Leafy Vegetable Plants as per their habits

Singh, 2014

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Weeds as protective food

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• Qualitative methods:- 1. Free listing and Focal Group Discussions (FGDs)2. Pairwise Ranking

• Quantitative methods:-1. Identification of Food Samples2. Nutrient Analysis

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Table- 15: List of wild plants with nutritive value

Local Name Botanical Name Energy (Kcal)

Protein(g)

CHO(g)

Vit C(g)

Ca(mg)

Sarla saag Vangueria spinosa 86 4.0 14.9 - 127

Saru saag Colocasia anti-quorum 56 3.9 6.8 12 227

Spinach Spinacea oleraca 27 3.4 2.9 28 73

Radish leaves Raphanus sativus 16 0.6 3.4 14.8 25

Munga saag Muranga oleifera 92 6.7 12.5 220 440

Phutkal saag Ficus geniculata 37 23.2 5.3 - 116

Local Name Common name Energy (Kcal)

Protein(g)

CHO(g)

Vit C(g)

Ca(mg)

Demla Red ants with eggs 131 13.4 9.1 - 104

Moosa Field rats 104 23.6 0.1 - 30

Perua Pigeon 137 23.6 - - 12

55

Jerath et al., 201507/11/2015 CTN

Table- 16: Pairwise ranking flip chart

*Note : Munga saag-10, Phutkal saag- 8, Sarla saag- 4, spinach-4, Saru saag- 2, Radish leaves- 2

Sarla saag Saru saag Spinach Radish leaves

Munga saag

Phutkal saag

Sarla saag x Sarla saag Spinach Sarla saag Munga saag

Phutkal saag

Saru saag Sarla saag x Saru saag Radish leaves

Munga saag

Phutkal saag

Spinach Spinach Saru saag x Spinach Munga saag

Phutkal saag

Radish leaves Sarla saag Radish

leaves Spinach x Munga saag

Phutkal saag

Munga saag

Munga saag

Munga saag

Munga saag

Munga saag x Munga

saagPhutkal

saagPhutkal

saagPhutkal

saagPhutkal

saagPhutkal

saagMunga

saag x

56

Jerath et al., 201507/11/2015 CTN

CTN

• Weeds are nature’s gift.

• These weeds are majorly involved in the conservation of local biodiversity.

• Weeds are closely related with the poverty and socio economic condition.

• Germplasm collection of wild plants.

12/19/2012

57

Conclusion

Thank you…

• About 2.3 crore children in India, up to 6 years of age, are suffering from malnourishment and are under-weight, according to a status report on the anganwadi (day care center) programme, officially known as ICDS.

• This staggering number amounts to over 28% of the 8 crore children who attend anganwadis across India.

• The status report includes state-wise data for underweight children. In Bihar, the proportion of under-weight children is nearly 50%. Andhra Pradesh (37%), Uttar Pradesh (36%), Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh (both 32%) are some of the other large states with a high proportion of children being malnourished.

• Delhi reported that a shockingly high 35% of the nearly 7 lakh children who attend anganwadis were underweight. This shows that the extent of poverty and malnutrition amongst the urban poor is comparable to rural areas despite all the advantages the cities offer.

Science

Weeds the common nutritious vegetables for tribal community