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ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
What are the benefits of volunteering for
volunteers?Arjen de WitRené BekkersDanique Karamat AliDave Verkaik
Center for Philanthropic Studies
VU University Amsterdam
44th ARNOVA Conference
November 20, 2015
Chicago
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
2ITSSOIN• Impact of the Third Sector on Social Innovation • ITSSOIN is a research project funded under the
European Commission’s 7th Framework Programme responding to a call to investigate “The impact of the third sector on socio-economic development in Europe”. • The project is a research collaboration between 11
European institutions led by the University of Heidelberg and runs from 2014-2017.• Visit https://itssoin.eu to get all the reports
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
3The VU Amsterdam Team
René Bekkers – Arjen de Wit – Dave Verkaik – Danique Karamat Ali
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
4ITSSOIN Papers• D2.3. Bekkers, R. & Verkaik, D. (2015). Empirical
Analyses of Citizen Perceptions of the Third Sector in Europe. • D3.1. Bekkers, R. & De Wit, A. (2014). Participation
in volunteering: What helps and hinders. • D3.2. Bekkers, R., & Verkaik, D.J. (2015). How to
Estimate What Participation in Third Sector Activities Does for Participants.• D3.3. De Wit, A., Bekkers, R., Karamat Ali, D. &
Verkaik, D. (2015). Welfare Impacts of Participation.
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
5Today’s talk• D2.3. Bekkers, R. & Verkaik, D. (2015). Empirical
Analyses of Citizen Perceptions of the Third Sector in Europe. • D3.1. Bekkers, R. & De Wit, A. (2014). Participation
in volunteering: What helps and hinders. • D3.2. Bekkers, R., & Verkaik, D.J. (2015). How to
Estimate What Participation in Third Sector Activities Does for Participants.• D3.3. De Wit, A., Bekkers, R., Karamat Ali, D. &
Verkaik, D. (2015). Welfare Impacts of Participation.
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
6Our starting point• The literature on volunteering clearly shows a higher
level of well-being among volunteers.• The exciting possibility emerges that volunteering may
promote the well-being of participants.• BUT…the higher level of wellbeing among volunteers
may also be the result of a higher willingness to volunteer among citizens who have a higher level of wellbeing.• In this case, pre-existing levels of well-being determine
volunteer choices, but are not affected by them.
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
7So… how to estimate the
impact of volunteering?
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
8So… how to estimate the
impact of volunteering?
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
9Research Design• In the absence of experimental data that randomize
people into volunteering, we analyze changes over time.• We first graph the development in the lives of
citizens as they move into and out of volunteering.• However, these changes could still reflect
influences of omitted variables.• Therefore, we apply fixed effects regression models
to eliminate influences of stable characteristics of citizens. This is a conservative test.
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
10What is the impact of volunteering? Does volunteering make you healthier? Does volunteer increase your well-being? Does volunteering increase your social network? Does volunteering strengthen your position on the
job market?
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
11Six Longitudinal Panel Data Surveys
1. German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP)2. British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) /
Understanding Society3. Swiss Household Panel (SHP)4. Giving in the Netherlands Panel Survey (GINPS)5. Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe
(SHARE) 6. Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam (LASA)
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
12Six Longitudinal Panel Data Surveys
Survey Years Responses Respondents
German Socio Economic Panel (GSOEP) 1984-2011 451,053 56,360
British Household Panel Survey / Understanding Society (BHPS)
1996-2012 111,062 20,798
Swiss Household Panel (SHP) 1999-2013 126,638 16,628
Giving in the Netherlands Panel Survey (GINPS)
2002-2014 8,930 2,795
Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)
2004-2011 138,971 55,657
Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA)
1993-2006 9,069 2,732
ALL 1984-2014 845,733 154,970
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
13Results at a glanceHealthy Happy Working Networking
GSOEP + + + +BHPS + + - +SHP + 0 + +GINPS + - +SHARE + + -LASA 0 + +
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
14
• In our analyses we use six large datasets covering fifteen countries in Europe. • In total, we analysed 845.733 survey responses
from 154.970 different respondents. • In all datasets, only respondents aged 18 and over
who participated in more than one wave were selected.• We rescaled all outcomes on a scale from 0 to 1.
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
15Volunteers are happier
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
16Happiness over time
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
17Happiness over time
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
18First difference models (18+)
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
19Happiness among 55+
19
In Europe
In the Netherlands
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
20Volunteers feel healthier
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
21Older volunteers feel healthier
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
22Older volunteers feel healthier
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
23First difference estimates (55+)
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
24Health among 18+
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
25Happiness ‘effects’ in three models
GSOEP BHPS SHP GINPS SHARE LASA0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
OLSFDFE
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
26Health ‘effects’ in three models
GSOEP BHPS SHP GINPS SHARE LASA0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
OLSFDFE
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
27Paid work
GSOEP BHPS SHP GINPS SHARE
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
OLSFE
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
28Social networks
GSOEP BHPS SHP GINPS SHARE LASA0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
OLSFE
ITSSOIN is funded by the EU‘s Seventh Framework Programme
29Next steps• A mega-analysis pooling all datasets.• Estimating quantile regression models.• Conducing a variety of robustness checks.• Examining moderators• Refining volunteering: intensity, frequency, sector, task• Subgroups: gender, age, education, religion, baseline
• Examining mediators• Social networks, psychological strength