Integrating and visualizing

taxonomic concept changes in

Heteroptera

Guanyang Zhang, Nico Franz, Arizona State University5th International Heteropterists’ Society Meeting, Washington DC, July 21, 2014

How do we achieve this?

Can taxonomic names

alone do the job?

Why names are not good enough

• Same name may acquire different meanings through time

• Different names may refer to same underlying taxon

• Linnaean names and taxonomic perspectives tend to

accumulate many-to-many relationships that are difficult

to trace

• Meaning-name divergence occurs constantly

Franz & Peet (2009)

“Concept taxonomy”

• Proposed by Berendsohn, 1995.

• Referencing and reasoning with taxonomy concept and not just name

• “A taxonomic concept is the underlying meaning, or referential

extension, of a scientific name as stated by a particular author in a

particular publication. It represents the author’s full-blown view of

how the name reaches out to observed or unobserved objects in

nature (beyond statements about type specimens). It is a direct

reflection of what has been written, illustrated, and deposited by a

taxonomist, regardless of his or her theoretical orientation” (Franz &

Peet, 2009)

• Taxonomic concepts are labelled using the abbreviation ‘sec.’ for the

Latin secundum, or ‘according to’ (Berendsohn, 1995).

“Concept taxonomy”

Franz & Peet, 2009

Senior synonym ≠ each

synonymized concept

• Synonymy means that different taxonomic concepts

are congruent according to an author/publication

• Synonymy does not mean ‘the same’/one concept

– (Subjective) synonyms are anchored to different types and

represent a matter of opinion (although often based on data

and analyses)

– Resurrection of synonymized names/concepts happens

Study objective

• Use concept taxonomy approach with an logic process implemented in a computer program proposed or created by Franz & Ludaescher to align, compare and visualize alternative taxonomies and trace taxonomic history in Heteroptera

• Can all taxonomic concepts be represented and related?

• How resolved is the representation?

Mirid subfamilial and tribal classification

Cassis & Schuh, 2012

Two input taxonomies

• sec. Schuh, 1995 sec. Cassis & Schuh,

2012

• 8 subfamilies in both classifications

• Tribal classification more refined in Cassis &

Schuh, 2012

• Original taxonomic acts made elsewhere (e.g.

Tatarnic & Cassis, 2011; Wyniger, 2010)

Workflow

Schuh (1995) Cassis & Schuh (2012)1 MIRIDAE 40 MIRIDAE

2 Isometopinae 41 Isometopinae

3 Isometopini 42 Diphlebini

4 Cylapinae 43 Gigantometopini

5 Cylapini 44 Isometopini

6 Psallopinae 45 Myiommini

7 Orthotylinae 46 Cylapinae

8 Halticini 47 Bothriomirini

9 Nichomachini 48 Cylapini

Schuh (1995) Cassis & Schuh (2012)1 MIRIDAE 40 MIRIDAE

2 Isometopinae 41 Isometopinae

3 Isometopini 42 Diphlebini

4 Cylapinae 43 Gigantometopini

5 Cylapini 44 Isometopini

6 Psallopinae 45 Myiommini

7 Orthotylinae 46 Cylapinae

8 Halticini 47 Bothriomirini

9 Nichomachini 48 Cylapini

10 Orthotylini 49 Fulviini

11 Phylinae 50 Rhinomirini

12 Auricillocorini 51 Vaniini

13 Hallodapini 52 Psallopinae

14 Leucophoropterini 53 Orthotylinae

15 Phylini 54 Austromirini

16 Pilophorini 55 Ceratocapsini

17 Bryocorinae 56 Coridromiini

18 Bryocorini 57 Halticini

19 Dicyphini 58 Nichomachini

20 Dicyphina 59 Orthotylini

21 Monaloniina 60 Phylinae

22 Odoniellina 61 Auricillocorini

23 Eccritotarsini 62 Hallodapini

24 Eccritotarsina 63 Leucophoropterini

25 Palaucorina 64 Phylini

26 Deraeocorinae 65 Pilophorini

27 Clivinemini 66 Pronotocrepini

28 Deraeocorini 67 Bryocorinae

29 Hyaliodini 68 Bryocorini

30 Saturniomirini 69 Dicyphini

31 Surinamellini 70 Dicyphina

32 Termatophylini 71 Monaloniina

33 Mirinae 72 Odoniellina

34 Herdoniini 73 Eccritotarsini

35 Hyalopeplini 74 Eccritotarsina

36 Mecistoscelini 75 Palaucorina

37 Mirini 76 Deraeocorinae

38 Resthenini 77 Clivinemini

39 Stenodemini 78 Deraeocorini

79 Hyaliodini

80 Saturniomirini

81 Surinamellini

82 Termatophylini

83 Mirinae

84 Herdoniini

85 Hyalopeplini

86 Mecistoscelini

87 Mirini

88 Resthenini

89 Stenodemini

• Number each taxonomic concept/name

Workflow

• Number each taxonomic concept/name

• State parent-child relationship within each

taxonomy. Schuh, 1995:

1 Miridae is parent of 2 Isometopinae

1 Miridae is parent of 17 Bryocorinae

17 Bryocorinae is parent of 19 Dicyphini

19 Dicyphini is parent of 21 Monaloniina

Workflow

• Number each taxonomic concept/name

• State parent-child relationship within each taxonomy.

• State articulations between concepts in two different taxonomiesFive types of articulations that express relationships

– equals

– overlaps

– includes

– is_included_in

– disjoint

Workflow

• Number each taxonomic concept/name

• State parent-child relationship within each taxonomy.

• State articulations between concepts in two different

taxonomies– 1.xx - Schuh, 1995; 2.xx - Cassis & Schuh, 2012

– 2.66 (Pronotocrepini) is_included_in 1.13 (Hallodapini)

– 2.62 (Hallodapini) is_included_in 1.13 (Hallodapini)

– 2.67 (Dicyphina) equals 1.25 (Dicyphina)

Workflow

• Use EULER/X to compare and visualize

concept relationships between the two

taxonomies

https://bitbucket.org/eulerx/euler-projectChen et al. (2014) http://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.1992v1.pdf

Bertram Ludaescher

UC Davis

Nico Franz, ASU

Schuh, 1995 Cassis & Schuh, 2012

Visualization output

2 – Cassis & Schuh (2012)

1 – Schuh (1995)

Schuh, 1995 Cassis & Schuh, 2012

Visualization output

- Merged square and octagon denotes congruent concepts

- Green box denotes unique/non-congruent concept in taxonomy 1

- Yellow octagon denotes unique/non-congruent concept in

taxonomy 2

Numbers can be replaced with actual names in input

1. Schuh, 1995 2. Cassis & Schuh, 2012

Schuh, 1995 Cassis & Schuh, 2012

Visualization output

- Concepts of Orthotylinae are congruent

- All lower-level concepts are properly included

in higher-level concepts

1. Schuh, 1995 2. Cassis & Schuh, 2012

Proper inclusion

Schuh, 1995 Cassis & Schuh, 2012

Visualization output

- Concepts of Orthotylini are not congruent

- Orthotylini sec. Cassis & Schuh more restrictive (2.Orthotylini)

1. Schuh, 1995 2. Cassis & Schuh, 2012

Pentatomoidea, sec. Rider sec. Grazia et al

Rider, 2006 Grazia et al, 2008 (DNA+morphology)

ID NAME ACCORDING TO RANK ID NAME ACCORDING TO RANK

1 Pentatomoidea Rider (2006) Superfamily 21 Pentatomoidea Grazia etal (2008) Superfamily

2 Acanthosomatidae Rider (2006) Family 22 Urostylididae Grazia etal (2008) Family

3 Canopidae Rider (2006) Family 23 Saileriolidae Grazia etal (2008) Family

4 Cydnidae Rider (2006) Family 24 Plataspididae Grazia etal (2008) Family

5 Dinidoridae Rider (2006) Family 25 Phloeidae Grazia etal (2008) Family

6 Lestoniidae Rider (2006) Family 26 Serbaninae Grazia etal (2008) Subfamily

7 Megarididae Rider (2006) Family 43 Phloeinae Grazia etal (2008) Subfamily

8 Parastrachiidae Rider (2006) Family 28 Corimelaenidae Grazia etal (2008) Family

9 Pentatomidae Rider (2006) Family 29 Corimelaeninae Grazia etal (2008) Subfamily

27 Serbaninae Rider (2006) Subfamily 30 Thyreocorinae Grazia etal (2008) Subfamily

42 PentatominaeETAL Rider (2006) Subfamily 31 Parastrachiinae Grazia etal (2008) Subfamily

10 Phloeidae Rider (2006) Family 32 Cydnidae Grazia etal (2008) Family

44 Phloeinae Rider (2006) Subfamily 33 Thaumastellidae Grazia etal (2008) Family

11 Plataspididae Rider (2006) Family 34 Dinidoridae Grazia etal (2008) Family

12 Scutelleridae Rider (2006) Family 35 Tessaratomidae Grazia etal (2008) Family

13 Tessaratomidae Rider (2006) Family 36 Canopidae Grazia etal (2008) Family

14 Thaumastellidae Rider (2006) Family 37 Megarididae Grazia etal (2008) Family

15 Thyreocoridae Rider (2006) Family 38 Scutelleridae Grazia etal (2008) Family

16 Corimelaeninae Rider (2006) Subfamily 39 Lestoniidae Grazia etal (2008) Family

17 Thyreocorinae Rider (2006) Subfamily 40 Acanthosomatidae Grazia etal (2008) Family

18 Urostylididae Rider (2006) Family 41 Pentatomidae Grazia etal (2008) Family

19 Saileriolinae Rider (2006) Subfamily

20 Urostylinae Rider (2006) Subfamily

Pentatomoidea, sec. Rider sec. Grazia et al

- Most concepts according two authors

are congruent

- Two concepts overlap

2. Grazia etal

1. Rider, 2006

Pentatomoidea, sec. Rider sec. Grazia et al

Pentatomoidea, sec. Rider sec. Grazia et al

Concepts of Saileriolidae(-inae)

are congruent, but raised to

family rank in 2. Grazia etal

Pentatomoidea, sec. Rider sec. Grazia et al

Phloeidae sec. Grazia and Pentatomidae sec. Rider

overlap as Serbaninae is included in both and each

contains other unique concepts

Overlap

A species/genus-level example

Bekilya group Malagasy reduviids (Peiratinae)

Mutillocoris

Mutillocoris

vadoni

Mutillocoris

tricolor

2. Villiers 1949-1964

Bekilya mira Hovacoris bipunctatus

Bekilya Hovacoris♂

♀

♂

Bekilya mira

Mutillocoris

Mutillocoris

tricolor

Hovacoris bipunctatus

Villiers 1964

Bekilya

Mutillocoris

vadoni

Hovacoris

1. Zhang&Weirauch, 2012

Checklist

2. Villiers 1949-1964

1. Zhang&Weirauch, 2012

Concept of Bekilya sec. Villiers

congruent with concept of B. mira

sec. Zhang & Weirauch, and sec.

Villiers

Generic concepts of Bekilya and

Hovacoris sec. Villiers expanded

Concept of Mutillocoris sec.

Villiers overlaps with with concept

of Bekilya or Hovacoris sec. Zhang

& Weirauch

A complex test case

• Leucophoropterini– 23 genera and 104 species (Menard & Schuh, 2011)

– ~200 concepts

• Taxonomic changes/acts – Species synonymy

– Subspecies synonymy

– Generic synonymy

– Generic reassignment/new combination

– New species

– New genera based on new species

– New genera based on described species

– Genera removed from tribe

– Incertae sedis

– Combination of the changes in above• Species synonymy and generic reassignment

LeucophoropteriniNew genera added, some genera removed and some species recognized as

Insertae sedis

Abuyogocoris None

Aitkenia New species added

Arafuramiris New species added

Biromiris New species added

Blesingia New species added; two species removed

Blesingia elegans Junior synonym; transferred to different genus

Blesingia latezonata Junior synonym; transferred to different genus

Collessicoris None

Ctypomiris New species added

Gulacapsus New species added

Leucophoroptera

New species added; two congeners synonymized; two species transferred to this

genus and synonymized with the senior synonym of the two synonymized

congeners; one species transferred to another genus

Leucophoroptera nitidior Junior synonym, congeneric

Leucophoroptera quadrimaculata Senior synonym of one congener and two species from another genus

Leucophoroptera macrozonata Transferred to different genus

Papuamimus None

Pseudohallodapocoris None

Sejanus

Three species removed to form a new genus; two species synonymized; 10

species removed and became insertae sedis (considered to be removed from the

tribe in current analysis)

Sejanus brunneus Junior synonym, congeneric; transferred to different genus

Sejanus tasmaniae Transferred to different genus

Sejanus albisignatus Transferred to different genus

Sejanus intermedius Junior synonym, congeneric; transferred to different genus

Sejanus melaleucae Junior synonym, congeneric; transferred to different genus

Sejanus rosei Junior synonym, congeneric

Sejanus rosei obscurior Junior synonym, intraspecific; transferred to different genus

Sejanus additional species transferred

to AusejanusTransferred to different genus

Solomonomimus None

Trichocephalocapsus None

Waterhouseana New species added

Dilatops Removed from tribe

Karoocapsus Removed from tribe

Lasiolabops Removed from tribe

Myrmicopsella Removed from tribe

Porophoroptera Removed from tribe

Schuhistes Removed from tribe

Tytthus Removed from tribe

Sejanus biniguni Insertae sedis (aka removed from tribe)

Sejanus fasciatus Insertae sedis (aka removed from tribe)

Sejanus fijiensis Insertae sedis (aka removed from tribe)

Sejanus hongkong Insertae sedis (aka removed from tribe)

Sejanus leai Insertae sedis (aka removed from tribe)

Sejanus novecaledonicus Insertae sedis (aka removed from tribe)

Sejanus occidentalis Insertae sedis (aka removed from tribe)

Sejanus ruber Insertae sedis (aka removed from tribe)

Sejanus rubricatus Insertae sedis (aka removed from tribe)

Sejanus trivinosus Insertae sedis (aka removed from tribe)

Pseudoleucophoroptera Junior synonym; genus-level

Pseudoleucophoroptera mamai Transferred to different genus

Pseudoleucophoroptera promeceops Transferred to different genus

Missanos New genus

Neaitkenia New genus

Neoleucophoroptera New genus

Johnstonsonius New genus

Papuamiroides New genus

Transleucophoroptera New genus

Ausejanus New genus

Austrodapus New genus

Summary of taxonomic acts

~100 taxonomic acts

Full representation and resolved

articulations

Conclusion

• Feasibility of concept taxonomy approach in

mapping taxonomic concepts in Heteroptera

• All taxonomic differences can be represented

• High resolution in differentiating and relating

taxonomic changes

• Input and knowledge from taxonomists is

critical

Further information

• taxonbytes.org

• https://bitbucket.org/eulerx/euler-project

• Franz & Peet (2009)– http://taxonbytes.org/pdf/FranzPeet2009-

LanguageMappingTaxonomicConcepts.pdf

• Franz et al. (2014) – http://www.semantic-web-

journal.net/system/files/swj623.pdf

• Past research and publicatios by N. Franz– http://taxonbytes.org/prior-work-on-concept-

taxonomy-2013/

Acknowledgements

• NSF CAREER #1155984

• Ludaescher Lab @ UC Davis

Parastrachiidae? (-inae?)

Thank you!