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AIRCRAFT WEIGHT & BALANCEBe Smarter
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INTRODUCTIONCompliance with the weight and balance limits of any
aircraft is critical to flight safety. Operating above the maximum
weight limitation compromises the structural integrity of an
aircraft and adversely affects its performance. Operation with the
center of gravity (CG) outside the approved limits results in
control difficulty.
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS Training and qualification records The
Load Control process must have an audit trail for each
departure.Weight and balance records must be retained The operating
airline will identify specific loading positions The operating
airline will specify requirements for presenting load
informationWeight determination of load and clearance measuring
systems must be calibrated and/or checked at intervals determined
by the operating carrier or state.
OverviewAircraft FamiliarizationForcesWeightFuelPrinciple Of
BalanceLoad Control And Distribution
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Aircraft FamiliarizationAirbus A320 is narrow bodied aircraft
consists of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial
passenger twin-engine jet airliners manufactured by Airbus
Service Points
A Electrical power receptacle F Toilet servicing panelB Aircraft
grounding G Potable water fill and drain panel ( aft )C Potable
water drain panel ( forward ) H Fuelling connectorD Conditioned air
connector I Fueling panelE Air starter connector J Potable water
drain/overflow panel ( centre ) K Yellow ground service panel
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Aircraft Weight and Balance
Four Forces Affect Things That FlyWeight is the force of
gravity. It acts in a downward directiontoward the center of the
Earth.Lift is the force that acts at a right angle to the direction
of motion through the air. Lift is created by differences in air
pressure.Thrust is the force that propels a flying machine in the
direction of motion. Engines produce thrust.Drag is the force that
acts opposite to the direction of motion. Drag is caused by
friction and differences in air pressure.
Flight ControlYaw Make the aircraft turnPitch Make the aircraft
descend or climbRoll - Aircraft rolls to left or right
AircraftWeight
Maximum ZeroFuel Weight
Maximum Taxi Weight
Maximum Take Off Weight
Maximum Landing Weight
Maximum Weight Restrictions
Allowable Payload
Payload
Actual Zero Fuel Weight
Dry OperatingWeight
Basic Weight
ManufactureWeight
WeightManufacture Empty Weight Weight of the structure and
equipmentBasic Weight The weight aircraft without assenger,baggage
and unsable fuelDry Operating WeightBasic weight with crew pantry
water and crew baggageMaximum Taxi Weight Zero Fuel Weight with
Block FuelMaximum Zero Fuel Weight The maximum weight before usable
fuelMaximum Weight Restriction Due weather runway conditions and
Airport landing faresMaximum Take Off Weight Maximum weight which
is allowed to take off
Maximum Landing Weight Authorised for normal landingActual Zero
Fuel Weight Dry operating weight and final payload and to ensure
not exceed than MZFWPayload Includes passengers baggage cargo mail
Co mail Allowable Payload ( Under load )Payload that aircraft able
to carry with weight And balance limitation
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FUEL
Fuel
Block Fuel/Ramp Fuel All fuel uploaded onto aircraft.
Taxi Fuel The amount fuel an aircrfat burn to runway for take
off.
Take Off Fuel The actual required after taxing to take off.
Trip Fuel/Landing Fuel The actual required from take off to
landing
FuelContingency Fuel Fuel is carried to account for additional
en-route Fuel consumption caused by wind, routing changes
Alternate FuelMissed approach at the destination airport Climb
to en-route altitude, cruise and descent at alternate aerodrome
Approach at alternate airportLanding at the alternate aerodrome
When two alternates are required by the Authority, alternate fuel
must be sufficient to proceed to the alternate which requires the
greater amount of fuel.
FuelBallast FuelFuel is carried to maintain the aircraft within
limitsNot to be burned during the flightThe fuel is separated from
usable fuel
Fuel Loading ( Standard & Non Standard)Standard Fuel Tanks
filled according by manufacturers standardsNon Standard Fuel Tanks
not filled according by manufactures standards due unserviceable
fuel boost pumps, trapped fuel
PRINCIPLE OF BALANCEGeneral Principles Of Balance is Centre of
Gravity and Point of Life
Example
Principle Of Balance
Centre Of Gravity ( CG )
the point over which the aircraft would balance. It position is
calculated after supporting the aircraft on at least two sets of
weighing scales or load cells and noting the weight shown on each
set of scales or load cells. The center of gravity affects the
stability of the aircraft. To ensure the aircraft is safe to fly,
the center of gravity must fall within specified limits established
by the aircraft manufacturer.
Arm And DatumArm ( Moment Arm ) the horizontal distance from the
reference datum to the center of gravity (CG) of an item. the
algebraic sign is plus (+) if measured aft of the datum or to the
right side of the center line when considering a lateral
calculation The algebraic sign is minus (-) if measured forward of
the datum or the left side of the center line when considering a
lateral calculationDatumThe horizontal reference datum is an
imaginary vertical plane or pointLocation of the reference datum is
established by the manufacturer and is defined in the aircraft
flight manualAll moment arm and the location of CG are measured
from this point
Moment
is the moment of force, or torque, that results from an objects
weight acting through an arc that is entered on the zero point of
the reference datum distance Moment is also referred to as the
tendency of an object to rotate or pivot about a point (the zero
point of the datum) The weight of the aircraft multiplied by the
distance between the datum and the cg ( Weight x Arm )
Mean Aerodynamic Chord ( MAC )
The distance between the leading and trailing edge of the wing,
measured parallel to the normal airflow over the wing, is known as
the chord the leading edge and trailing edge are parallel, the
chord of the wing is constant along the wings length Most
commercial transport airplanes have wings that are both tapered and
swept with the result that the width of the wing changes along its
entire length. The width of the wing is greatest where it meets the
fuselage at the wing root and progressively decreases toward the
tip. As a consequence, the chord also changes along the span of the
wing. The average length of the chord is known as the mean
aerodynamic chord (MAC)
Station
location in the airplane that is identified by a number
designating its distance in inches from the datum. The datum is
identified as station zero
Divided by there category for station principle :Station Lines
station lines from the nose to the tail of aircraft and divide in
inches per stationIndex means to both reduce figures manipulated by
the user and represent the weight and the location of each
itemsMAC- the distance between the leading and trailing edge of the
wing, measured parallel to the normal airflow over the wing.
Transported to station lines of the Centre Gravity
MAC Safe Range For Stab Settings
The safe Range of MAC the stabilizer can be used to trim
aircraft within manufacturers limits
No flight can be dispatched when the CG beyond the SAFE
RangeSafe Range Example
Balance Stability And Centre OF Gravity
Load Control and Distribution
Load ControlTo perform aircraft weight and balance within
limitsReview existing operational and procedureActual load of the
aircraft must reflect on the load sheetLoad PlanningCalculationTo
checking and finalized Load Sheet and other documentsTo issue
Loading Instruction Report
LOAD AND TRIM SHEETTo ensure load and trim compliance dates from
the days when all load and trim sheets were completed manually or
computerized on specific forms designed for use with each aircraft
typeThe center of gravity affect the stability of the aircraft.To
ensure the aircraft is safe to fly
Load And Trim Sheet
Manual Load sheets involve a pro forma calculation of Maximum
Zero Fuel Weight (MZW), Maximum Take Off Weight (MTOW) and Maximum
Landing Weight (MLW) whilst the centre of gravity is located by
marking the requisite aircraft operating weight (vertical scale) on
a drop line located on a centre of gravity index scale which forms
the horizontal If the position so found is within the areas shown
as the permitted safe flight envelope
Balance And Chart
Load Sheet ComputerizedComputerized is printed based on
systemOffers the advantage of a more precise CG determination since
it allows to compute the influence of each seat row and each cargo
position instead of mean horizontal arms for wide zones as it is
done on a paper load and trim sheets. The disadvantage is that the
crew usually gets only numbers and no visual information where they
are compared to the operational limits
Load Sheet Computerized
Loading Instruction Report
Responsibility for overseeing aircraft loading, specifies the
loading requirement correctly instructions have been carried out as
requested
Offloading and loading information
Checking and finalization of the loading document
Flight Identifier and signature
Carriers requirement
Restraint of conditions
Manually and Computerized LIR
Manual
Cargo Compartments
Located in the lower fuselage below the passengers cabinDivided
into one forward hold (compartment 1) and three aft holds
(compartment 3, 4 and 5 = bulk)The access doors to the cargo
compartments are electrically operated from control panels adjacent
to each door. The door may be operated manually in case of power
failure with a door hand crankA semi-automatic cargo loading system
is installed in the FWD (CMPT 1) and AFT compartment (CMPT 3/4 )A
control panel, installed on the compartment door controls the
electrical POWER DRIVE UNITS (PDU) and the door sill latches
Cargo Compartments
Bulk Loading
Divider and door net in each compartment must be closed Must be
restrained, which can be achieved by filling the cargo hold or net
or by tie-down
Aircraft LocationsMaindeck
Lower deck
Aircraft Structural loading limitationDimensions
Aircraft Structural loading limitation Linear ( Running) Load
LimitationsArea Load Limitation
Limitations is the maximum load acceptable on given the of the
fuselage.
The maximum load acceptable on bulk compartment floor
Aircraft Structural loading limitation Point Load
LimitationsCumulative Load LimitationsResistance to puncture by a
heavy load resting on a very small surface of the floor of a bulk
compartment.
Combined Load LimitationRepresents the total load resting on the
same fuselage with frames and floor beams
Cumulative limitation for the whole load located forward or aft
of the wings boxIn practice this limitations determined the maximum
allowed load weight in the forward and aft
Aircraft Structural loading limitation Is narrow bodied
aircraftAll load on aircraft must be secured and net must to tie
downDoes not carry unit load devices
Loading Restraint
CARGO
All articles, goods, materials, merchandise, or wares carried
onboard an aircraft, ship, train, or truck, and for which an air
waybill or bill of lading, or other receipt is issued by the
carrierIt includes dangerous goods and special loads.Aircraft for
the carriage of cargo only, rather than the combination of
passengers and cargoaircraft carry in cargo compartment and bulk on
the lower deck
Dangerous Good And Special ItemsA load which owing to its nature
or value requires special attention and treatment during the
process of acceptance storage transportation loading and
loadingLive AnimalsPerishable GoodsHeavy and Big itemsValuable
ItemsDangerous Good
Dangerous GoodNine classes of Dangerous goods include materials
that are radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive, oxidizing,
asphyxiating, biohazardous, toxic, pathogenic, or allergenic
Notification Of Captain ( NOTOC )
A NOTOC is to be issued whenever dangerous goods (DGs) or other
special load items are to be carried on DG & Safety
aircraft
Baggage Handling System Type of conveyor system installed in
airports that transports checked luggage from ticket counters to
areas where the bags can be loaded onto airplanes. BHS also
transports checked baggage coming from airplanes to baggage claims
or to an area where the bag can be loaded onto another airplane
AIR MAILAir mail or Mail is exclusively handled by the Cargo
Department.Air mail must not be manifested on the Cargo Manifest,
as separate documents.Air mail can be loaded in bulk hold.
Load Departure MessageOperational load messagesAll flight
documents has to be stored at the departure station a minimum of
three monthsOperational load messages must be dispatched, no later
than 15 minutes after take-off using standard IATA format
Ldm Format
D7236/27.9M-XXV.Y180.KUL-KUL.110/20/3/1.T5200.1/1500.3/3000.4/500.5/200.PAX.133.DHC/0.B/250/5200.C0.M0.E.0
Thank YouTake off are optional but Landing are mandatory
