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Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Day IV 1It’s all about money, stupid!
Rene Kooyman
OASIS 500 Boot Camp Amman
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Defining target groups:the sociological imagination
• Individual and collective behaviour: Durkheim
• Western society: social inequalities, class structures
• Basic dimensions for inequality
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Class structure USA
• Social class stratifies people according to income, prestige, and power
• It intersects with stratification by gender, by race, education and by ethnicity
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Intertwining effects
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Type of Explanationof Inequality
Structure
Functionalism(Durkheim and
others)
Conflict(Marx and
others)Culture(Weber and
others)
Individualist(Common idea)
Explanation of Inequality
Objectivists
Subjectivists
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Economical/Cultural Capital
Economical Capital
CulturalCapital
High Low
High ‘Old’ money:Aristocracy, Wealthy families
Teachers, Students, Journalists, Artists
Low ‘New’ money:ICT, Telecom, Energy Comp
Unskilled working classUnemployed
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Class, Lifestyle and Power
Pierre Bourdieu:
• Existence of Social class is a basic social fact
• We live in a high stratified class society continuously, based on economic capital and cultural capital
Habitus (plural: habitus): Components:
• ways of thinking / ways of acting
• bodily habits
• tastes: likes and dislikes
Whole way of life / lifestyle: each space takes his/her habitus as THE legitimate one
• Society based on Distinction; being different
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Cultural Capital Economic Capital
Cultural bourgeoisie High Intermediate
e.g. artists, academics
Business bourgeoisie Intermediate High
e.g. company directors
Upper professionals Intermediate to high Intermediate to high
e.g. lawyers, higher
civil servants
Lower middle class Intermediate to low Intermediate to low
e.g. primary school
teachers, nurses
Working class
Skilled Low to intermediate Low to intermediate
Unskilled Low Low
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Cultural inequalities: distinction
High and low culture;
‘real’ art / popular culture
‘professional’ and ‘amateur’ art
Cultural dimensions:
Local and global culture
Cultural, Social & Economic Capital:
• Economic capital: command over economic resources (cash, assets)
• Social capital: resources based on group membership, relationships, networks
• Cultural capital: forms of knowledge; skill; education; any advantages a person has which give them a higher status in society, including high expectations
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Positioning
You?
Cultural Capital
Economical CapitalSocial Capital
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Why are artists poor?Descriptives• Vocation: willingness to accept low
income• At the same time mental support of
society• No link quality/price?• Aesthetic value = social value• Government encourages
‘experts' = interference in the market• Ideology: Artist = unselfish
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Six explanations
1. Personal gratification, recognition and status more important than money
2. Artists poorly informed about incomes needed
3. Government Grants deliver more Artists, not a higher income
4. Artists rely on other sources of income
5. Cuts in labor (higher productivity) not taken place in the arts
6. Myth of the individualistic Artist prevents organized pressure groups (trade unions)
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Intellectual Property• Copyrights: Copyright is the exclusive right granted
by statute to the author of the works to reproduce dramatic, artistic, literary or musical work or to authorize its reproduction by others (globally regulated; TRIPS/WIPO)
• Trademarks: Trademark means any symbol, logo, or name used to enable the public to identify the supplier of goods. Trademarks can be registered, which gives the holder the exclusive right to use them. Manufacturers, distributors, or importers may register them. They can be sold and are an important form of commercial property.
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
• Moral argument: “every man has a property in his own person” (Locke); the natural right
• Economists view: 1. intellectual property rights and patents create income
2. artificial scarcity through a monopoly on various products restricted output and higher prices
• Libertarian view: anything that one produces, with their own hands and/or with their own capital in collaboration with their creative mind, is their exclusive property. But once ready to be sold subject to the free market competition, unhampered by claims of intellectual property rights.
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
IPR Criticism• IPR it should be rejected altogether, because it systematically distorts
and confuses the market, its use is promoted by those who gain from it.
• Analogy with physical objects fails; physical property is generally rivalrous, while intellectual works are nonrivalrous (if one makes a copy of a work, the enjoyment of the copy does not prevent enjoyment of the original)
• Fundamental tension: It hampers human rights of cultural participation and scientific benefits
• article 27 Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interest resulting from any scientific, literacy or artistic production of which he is the author”
• and that “Everyone has the right ...... to share in scientific advancement and its benefits”.
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Moving ahead….
• Digitization and globalization
• Understanding Creative Commons
• A tool for Creators, Content Sharing, Publishers
• Standardized way to keep their copyright simple
• Provides various kind of License http://creativecommons.org
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Choices
Simple questions when choosing a license:
• Do I want to allow commercial use or not?
• Do I want to allow derivative works or not?
• If Derivs; make that new work available under the same license terms; “ShareAlike”
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
LicensesAttribution CC BY ; lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation; maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials.
Attribution-ShareAlike CC BY-SA ; lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms.
Attribution-NoDerivs CC BY-ND ; allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to you.
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
What can I afford to lose?
• Time
• Long Term Savings
• Windfalls
• Liquidated assets
• Home equity
• Loans from Friends and Family
• Credit card status
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Banks and investors
• Banks are in the business for money
• Trends: Liberalization, deregulation, technology (virtual money: Internet, online banking, transparency)
• Internationalization: sharing risks and opportunities
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
How to raise money?
• Personal networks (private and professional) and qualities
• External capital:• Banks and Funds
• Private capital/equity (shares), friends and family
• Investors: securities, trust!
• Subsidies
Mind:
• Gap investments / profits
• Risks: start-up / established initiatives
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
Minimum: break even
• Calculate your annual income: minimum / modal
• Overhead: social security, health insurance, pension schemes
• Entrepreneurial costs/overhead: • Material costs
• The office/venue
• Equipment
• Office infrastructure
• ICT, heating, electricity, etc.
• Financing costs; short / long term
Cultural and Creative Industries Training Jan 25th 2015
That’show money is made !
It’s all about money, stupid!
Annual income…??