PUBLIC SPEAKING…PUBLIC SPEAKING…PUBLIC SPEAKING…PUBLIC SPEAKING…

DEFINITION.

•Public speaking is the process and act of speaking or giving a lecture to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain a listening audience.

HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING .

• As far as the history of public speaking is concerned, the Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, great speakers of our time and technology all have important roles to play.

• What roles have all these played in public speaking history?

History of Public Speaking in Ancient

Times• Public speaking was well-practiced

among the ancient Hebrews. Hebrew Kings would inform their subjects. Religious leaders and teachers would instruct large assemblies. Plus the Hebrews had a long line of prophets who proclaimed divine messages in public places.

• One of the earliest of such prophets was the prophet Moses.

• He constantly had to address the Israelites as he led them out of slavery from Egypt.

• He had to inform, inspire and at times rebuke them. He was indeed a great public speaker!

• the first known book about public speaking was written about 2,400 B.C.E by an Egyptian official named Ptahhotep.

• He was vizier (minister) to Pharaoh Djedkare Isesi of the fifth dynasty.

Ancient Greeks and the History of Public

Speaking• Around the fifth century B.C.E, the

Greek district of Athens was a prominent military, political and philosophical center

• Greek orators like Aristotle, Plato and Socrates developed theories and techniques that became bedrocks in public speaking.

Rome’s Role in Public Speaking History

• After the fall of Greece, Rome came to the scene as a military and political world power. The Romans never discarded the public speaking culture left by the Greeks. They rather adopted and modified them.

• A strong influence on the Roman style of public speaking was Marcus Tullius Cicero.

• Born in 106 B.C.E, Cicero grew up to become a profound orator, lawyer, philosopher and statesman.

• According to him, the five rules of public speaking are:

• Invention, arrangement, style, memory and delivery.

• These are generally referred to as the Five Canons of Rhetoric and are still used inmodern-day oratory.

Modern Day Developments in the History of Public Speaking.

• The history of the human race is filled with great speakers who had tremendous impact on the world. For example:

• On March 23, 1775, Patrick Henry gave the famous “Liberty of Death” speech. His famous phrase, “Give me freedom, or give me death!” had a great

impactas he proclaimed the cause of freedom.

• In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln gave the famous “Gethyburg Address”.

• 1908 was the year public speaking was first taught in America by Dale Carnegie.

• in 1963, Martin Luther King called for the end of racism in America when he gave the famous “I Have a Dream” speech.

• This is one of the most famous speeches in American history.

The Role of Technology in Public Speaking

History• Technological advancements in the

late 20th century as well as the 21st century have given ‘birth’ to sophisticated media sources like the Internet, video-conferencing and telecommunications. These have changed the ‘face’ of public speaking.

• the commencement of the first private Internet service in 1980, public speaking received a big boost. The Internet has since been used to reach worldwide Internet users.

• Video-conferencing, on its part, has now made it possible for people in different geographical locations to see and hear each other as if they are at the same place.

• The history of public speaking has come a long way from the ancient times till now.

five basic elements,

• "who is saying• what • to whom • using what medium • with what effects?"

Choosing an appropriate pattern

•Chronological Pattern.•Causal Pattern.•Spatial Pattern.•Topical Pattern.•Psychological Pattern.

Chronological pattern.

• In this pattern ‘we arrange ideas, keeping in mind the chronology of events.

• E.g.. Give a speech on The history of Indian cricket.

Causal Pattern• The ideas are divided into two major

components – causes and their effects.• Normally ,this pattern is chosen ti

highlight the relationship between a problem and the reasons for its existence.

• Eg,Alcoholism its causes and effects.

Spatial Pattern.

• Spatial pattern is best suited to speeches which have a geographical or structural orientation.

• Eg.design of an automatic washing machine., temple Jaipur: A structural description

Topical Pattern

• Chooses to divide and arrange the different parts of a speech into various heading and sub-headings.

• When the speaker has to inform the audience about the various kind or type of something.

• Eg. Types of cancers.

Psychological Pattern.• The speech according to needs of his/her

listeners.• The speaker arrange ideas in a manner most

likely to create an immediate impact on the listeners.

• The speeches structured in the psychological pattern are quite emotive in style and sense.

• Eg.lonliness:is by product of modern l living.

Selecting an appropriate method

Speaking from memory : some public speakers rely heavily on their memory for delivering their speeches.

Speaking from manuscript: In speaking from the manuscript the speaker walk the entire manuscript of the speech written , which is read out word for word.

Speaking Impromptu: impromptu speeches are those that are delivered at the spur of the moment.

• A speech thus delivered without preparation is considered an impromptu speech.

Speaking from notes: speaking from notes, speaker prepares note/points/slides/and enumerates the main ideas with help of these main point.

Art of persuasion:• The speaker have to keep their

speeches well planned, properly substantiated, adequately convincing, and un-questionably relevant to the needs of the audience.

Research your topic thoroughly.Use proper data and figures to sound

convincing.Keep an audience-oriented approach.

Employ personal examples to establish personal rapport with the audience.

Create a verbal imagery to leave the desired impact on the audience.

Use language suited to the occasion.

Keep your audience entertained during your speech.

Making speeches interesting.

Making your beginning catchy Use humour and wit.Use body language appropriately.Employ proper voice modulation .Use examples and instances.End emphatically.

Delivering different types of speeches.

Welcome /introductory speech.• Your organizations receive guest

speakers who are to be introduced to the audience.

Vote of thanks speech.• Vote of thanks is delivered at the end

of a particular event, programme etc…

Farewell speech• In their professional career people

often change jobs , leaving one organizations and joining another . At times they are transferred or they have to move away from an organization after the completion of a project ,a term or an assignment.

Why is Public Speaking Necessary?

• giving a public speech is time- and cost-effective.

For instance, if you give a speech to your employees, you don't have to print or email copies of the information. Speaking to everyone at once means you don't need to relay the information one-on-one.

• Public speaking can also begin a quick exchange of information, as it encourages discourse.

• The fact that it saves money and time, as well as begins a discourse,

• makes it a useful leadership tool.

PURPOSE

• public speaking can range from simply transmitting information,

• to motivating people to act, to simply telling a story.

• Good orators should be able to change the emotions of their listeners, not just inform them.

• public speaking for business and commercial events is often done by professionals .

• Public speaking can be a powerful tool to use for purposes such as motivation, influence, persuasion, informing, translation, or simply ethos.

• such as when politicians give speeches to convince people how to vote.

Steps to Successful Public Speaking • Clarify your objective. • Analyze your audience. • Collect and organize your

information. • Choose your visual aids. • Prepare your notes. Practice your delivery.

conclusion• Public speaking is a form of

communication used for large groups of people. When one-on-one communication will not be an effective way to communicate your information, you must use public speaking.

Presented BY….

POULIN VARGHESE1ST MSWDC