Programming Languages

Basic Concepts Of Programming Language

1. DEFINITION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES2. TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES3. PARADIGMS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Definition Of Programming Languages

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES IS BASICALLY COMPUTER LANGUAGE, WHICH IS SET OF RULES AND ALGORITHM AND GIVE INFORMATION TO THE COMPUTER TO PERFORMING OPERATIONS.

IT WILL GIVE ABILITY TO CREATE EFFECTIVE ALGORITHM. IT GIVES AN EXPRESSIVE FRAMEWORK TO EXPLAIN YOUR

COMPUTATION. IT IS BASICALLY, TOOLS WHICH IS EXECUTE PROGRAMS WRITTEN BY

HUMAN READABLE LANGUAGE TO MACHINE FORM AND CREATE EXECUTABLE MODELS.

Types Of Programming Languages

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ARE DEVELOPED DAY-BY-DAY.

FIRST COMPILERS WAS DEVELOPED IN 1950.

AND AFTER THAT MANY LANGUAGES ARE DEVELOPED SUCH AS COBOL, PASCAL, LIPS ETC.

Types Of Programming Languages

TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES IS DIVIDED WITH RESPECT TO GENERATIONS FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGES (MACHINE LANGUAGES) SECOND GENERATION LANGUAGES(ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGES) THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGES FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGES

First Generation Languages

MACHINE LANGUAGE IS FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGE. IT IS DEPENDENT ON MACHINE AND IT IS ONLY LANGUAGE WHICH

CAN BE EASILY WRITTEN AND UNDERSTAND BY COMPUTER. IN MACHINE LANGUAGE, OPERATION LIKE ADDITION AND

SUBTRACTION WAS DONE. THESE ARE THE ONLY OPERATIONS BY DONE BY OPERANDS

DATA IS PROCESSED THROUGH OPERANDS. CODES ARE COMPLEX BUT EFFICIENT.

Second Generation Languages

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES ARE SECOND GENERATION LANGUAGES.

IT REPLACES OPERATION CODES TO BINARY CODES. BUT IT REQUIRES TO ASSEMBLED TO EXECUTE THE PROGRAM. IT IS TRANSFORMED INTO MACHINE LANGUAGES

INSTRUCTIONS. IT IS SIMPLE AS COMPARE TO MACHINE LANGUAGE AND ALSO

EFFICIENT

Third generation Languages

In third generation languages, started mathematical notations and program was written in source code, and this source code is transformed into machine language and it is called object code.

This translation is done by compilers or may be interpreters.

COBOL, C++, VB are some example of third generation languages.

C++ programming language

IT IS OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAM. IT IS A CONSTRUCTIVE PROCEDURAL

LANGUAGES, MIDDLE-LEVEL LANGUAGES AND COMBINATION OF LOW AND HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES.

IT WAS DEVELOPED AT AT & T ON USING UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM

It is widely used in writing of device driver and making other software which rely on direct manipulation and within realtime constraints.

Codes of C++// PROGRAM IN C++#INCLUDE<IOSTREAM.H>INT MAIN(){ COUT<<“ HELLO WORLD”;RETURN 0;}OUTPUT: HELLO WORLD

This example is prepared for only beginners to understand basic concepts of C++

Visual Basic IT IS THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGE, AND IT IS

DEVELOPED BY MICROSOFT CALLED INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT OR IDE.

IT IS BASICALLY GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION AND CALLED GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE OR GUI.

VBA AND VBSCRIPT ARE SIMILAR TO VISUAL BASIC.

Fourth Generation Languages

IT COMES TO REFINE THE THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGES .

IT IS USED WITH DATABASE SUCH AS SUCH AS SQL IS QUERY LANGUAGES REPORT GENERATOR LANGUAGE LIKE ORACLE REPORTS. APPLICATIONS AND FORM CREATORS.

Fifth Generation Languages

IN FIFTH GENERATION SOME LANGUAGES ARE DEVELOPED SUCH AS

1. FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE LIKE META LANGUAGE, STANDARD META LANGUAGE, LIPS ETC. ALL CODES AND PROCESSES ARE FUNCTIONAL.

2. LOGIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES LIKE PROLOG IT IS APPLICABLE ON MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS WITH SOME RULES AND CONSTRAINTS.

Paradigms Of Programming Languages

IMPERATIVE PROGRAMMING FOR AN EXAMPLE C. OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE C+

+. DECLARATIVE PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE PROLOG. APPLICATIVE PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE LIPS.

Programming Languages IT IS DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS 1. ONE IS TRADITIONAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

FOR EXAMPLE COBOL, C ETC. IT IS BASICALLY SEQUENTIAL INSTRUCTION.

2. ANOTHER ONE IS OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGE SUCH AS JAVA, C++ ETC. IN THIS TYPE OF PROGRAMMING OBJECT IS CREATED.

JAVA Programming Language

IT IS AS SIMILAR TO C++ AND OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUAGE, WHICH IS HELPFUL IN MINIMIZING PROBLEM WHICH OCCURS DURING C++ PROGRAMMING.

IT GIVES PERMISSION TO A WEB PAGE DEVELOPER TO DEVELOPED A PROGRAMS AND APPLICATION, KNOWN AS “APPLETS”.

IT IS INDEPENDENT OF ANY PLATFORM., OPERATING SYSTEM ETC.

IT IS MULTITHREADING, AND PERMIT TWO OR MORE PART OF SAME PROGRAM EXECUTE TOGETHER.

IT IS WRITE ONCE AND RUN ANYWHERE PROGRAMMING.

Example of code

MAKE SIMPLE PROGRAMMING SAY HELLO TO PROGRAMMING WORLD.

/*HELLOWORLD.JAVA */ PUBLIC CLASS HELLOWORLD{ PUBLIC STATIC VOID MAIN(STRING[] ARGS) {SYSTEM.OUT.PRINTLN( “HELLO WORLD!” ); }}

This example is prepared for only beginners to understand basic concepts of JAVA

Differences between java and C

Java is object oriented language and it define class and objects where as C is structured language.

C have preprocessors for support but java don’t have that means in java we can’t use #include, #define etc.

C have explicit pointer type but java is not.

Structure, union, and enum datatype and keyword like goto, typedef etc. are not found in java.

Labeled break and continue statement are specification of java but not found in C.

Differences between java and C++

It overcome some problems of C++ such as it avoid unauthorized access of memory location due to absence of pointers.

In C++ operator overloading occur, but java dose not support operator overloading.

C++ have also preprocessor but not much work, Then it is completely removed in java.

Java is less precise due to absence of automatic conversion.

Differences between java and C++

In java each variable are define by class because it dose not supports global variables.

C++ object can be passed through value and reference but in java it can only by reference.

Java is multithreading it means it can support one or more than one part of same program can run together.

Automatic garbage collection are new features in java.

Limitations Of Java

It is unable to access local data but it can download data only applet sites.

It is unable to make system calls.

In security status you will see lack of certainty due to frequently found security hole.

It is unable to developed effective data structures due to absence of templates.

Limitations Of Java

Due to absence of pointers, It is unable to minimize abstraction and flexibility in data structures.

It works only some platforms such as windows95/NT, Macintosh, Sun Solaris and others are with help of 3rd party.

Due to several bugs in browser and example it is stability concern

Differences between C and C++

C++ support polymorphism and it is special features, where as in C dose not have.

C++ have most important feature is operator overloading, and it is absent in C.

C++ have bottom-up approach and in C top-down approach.

C++ name collision is absent due to namespace feature and it dose not found in C.

Differences between C and C++

C can allow multiple global declaration but C++ don’t.

C++ have built-in and user defined data but in C have primitive type of data.

In C++ you can declare variable anywhere within scope but in C variable is defined at starting of scope.

C++ supports exception handling and C dose not.

Some other Programming Languages SCRIPTING LANGUAGES SUCH AS JAVASCRIPT,

VBSCRIPT, PHP, ASP ETC. COMMAND LANGUAGES SUCH AS SH, BASH ETC. TEXT LANGUAGE LIKE POSTSCRIPT. HTML XML

HTML

HYPER TEXT MARK-UP LANGUAGE CODES ARE WRITTEN IN TAGS “<>”. IT IS USED WWW AND INTERNET .

You can start writing program with simple notepad, notepad++ and then execute program with internet browser. It also briefly explain about image formats like JPGE, PNG etc.

HTML code

This example is prepared for only beginners to understand basic concepts of HTML

JAVAScript

IT IS ONE TIME WRITTEN CODE, IT MEANS WHEN YOU WRITE YOU CANT GO BACK AND CHANGE THE CODE.

IT USED TO MAKE EFFECTIVE HTML PAGES WITH EMBEDDING THEM.

IT WILL WORKS BY PUTTING DATA DYNAMIC TO HTML. IT IS FIRST WEB SCRIPTING LANGUAGES.

So, It is client-side scripting language.

Step-1 HTML pages are stored by Web server,Step-2 Then request come from client browserStep-3 HTML pages send by server to client and client is able to see html page

JavaScript Codes

This example is prepared for only beginners to understand basic concepts of JavaScript.

Lisp Programming Language IT IS FIRST FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE DEVELOPED

IN APPROX. 1958. LISTS ARE STORED AND ONE LINKED LIST. FUNCTIONS ARE DEFINED BY LAMBDA SYMBOL. ANSI IS THE EXAMPLE.