Los 4 LugaresLumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath y Kushinagara

http://lacomunidad.elpais.com/casajuntoalrio/2008/5/20/los-budistas-neurales-neurociencias-budismo-y-la

Los 4 Lugares que hay que visitar:

1. El lugar donde el Tathagata ha nacido. Lumbini en Kapilavastu.2. El Lugar donde el Tathagata despertó. Boddgaya. en Uruvela.3. El lugar donde el Tathagata puso en movimiento la Rueda del Dharma. El Parque de los Venados en Sarnath.4. El lugar donde el Tathagata pasa al estado de Nibbana. En Kusinagar.

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/mapa.htm

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/mapa.htm

Geografía del Buda

- Nace en Kapilavastu. 563. En una familia real, en un pequeño reino en el norte de la India, hoy Nepal, llamado Kapilavastu (hoy se llama Padeira) y que tiene un bello jardín llamado Jardín de Lumbini.- Lleva una vida ascética en el valle del Ganges (534-528)- Se ilumina en Boddgaya, 528- Da su primer sermón en el Parque de los Venados en Sarnath, 528- Muere en Kusinagar, 480

Kapilavastu Boddgaya Sarnath Kusinagar

Kapilavastu

Boddgaya 370.67

Sarnath 238.96 212.81

Kusinagar 121.29 253.16 174.40

Km

Tiempo

Sitio Latitud Longitud

Kapilavastu 27.528 83.041

Boddgaya 24.695102 84.991275

Sarnath 25.3811 83.0214

Kusinagar 26.741 83.888Bodgaya24° 41′ 42.37″ N, 84° 59′ 28.59″ E24.695102, 84.991275

Cálculo de distanciashttp://www.tutiempo.net/p/distancias/calcular_distancias.html

28. Catusamvejaniyathana - Cuatro lugares a rememorar con reverencia

[5.7.] {202} "Anteriormente, señor, los monjes que pasaban el periodo de las lluvias en diferentes lugares, solían venir a ver al Tathagata para rendirle homenaje y nosotros nos beneficiamos al recibir estos monjes y nos beneficiamos al asociarnos con ellos. Pero ahora, señor, después de que el Bienaventurado esté ausente, no vamos a recibir más semejante beneficio".

[5.8.] "He aquí, Ananda, hay cuatro lugares, que una persona piadosa debería visitar y mirar con el sentimiento de reverencia. ¿Cuáles son estos cuatro lugares?

"El lugar, donde el Tathagata ha nacido. Éste es el lugar, que una persona piadosa debería visitar y mirarlo con el sentimiento de reverencia. El lugar, donde el Tathagata llegó a ser plenamente despierto. Éste es el lugar, que una persona piadosa debería visitar y mirarlo con el sentimiento de reverencia. El lugar, donde el Tathagata ha puesto en movimiento la insuperable Rueda del Dhamma. Éste es el lugar, que una persona piadosa debería visitar y mirarlo con el sentimiento de reverencia. El lugar, donde el Tathagata pasa al perfecto estado de Nibbana, sin que permanezca elemento alguno de apego. Éste es el lugar, que una persona piadosa debería visitar y mirarlo con el sentimiento de reverencia.

"Estos son, Ananda, los cuatro lugares, que una persona piadosa debería visitar y mirarlos con el sentimiento de reverencia. A estos lugares, Ananda, vendrán los piadosos monjes y monjas, los seguidores laicos y las seguidoras laicas, reflexionando así: '¡Aquí el Tathagata ha nacido! ¡Aquí el Tathagata llegó a ser plenamente despierto con el insuperable y supremo Despertar! ¡Aquí el Tathagata ha puesto en movimiento la insuperable Rueda del Dhamma! ¡Aquí el Tathagata pasó al perfecto estado de Nibbana, sin que permanezca elemento alguno de apego!' Y cualquiera, Ananda, que muriera durante una de estas peregrinaciones, con el corazón firmemente anclado en la fe, va a renacer en el reino de la felicidad celestial".

DN 16 Mahaparinibbana Sutta - Discurso acerca de la Gran Liberación. Parte V: En Kusinara.

5

http://www.sanghavirtual.org/2009/los-sitios-del-buda/

Dharamsala

Sravasti

Kushinagar

Sarnath

Tilaurakot (Kapilavastu)

Lumbini (Nepal)

Bodh Gaya

Pico del Buitre

Valle de Manang

Palacio del Potala

Stupa deBouddhanath

Monasterio de Sera Je

Donde nace el Buda

Donde muere el Buda

Donde se Ilumina el Buda

Donde da su primer Sermón el Buda

O Savatthi, en el bosquecillo de Jetan el Parque de Anathapindika, donde da el Tercer sermón

sobre el Entendimiento Correcto

Residencia actual del Dalai Lama

En Tíbet, antigua residencia del Dalai Lama en Lhasa

Donde el Buda dio importantes enseñanzas

Ver nota en la siguiente página

Cueva de Milarepa En Nepal, a 7km de Kathmandu

Después de la ocupación china sobre Tíbet, el legendario monasterio de Sera, cerca de Lhasa, se reestableció aquí, en Sera Je, al sur de la India.

7

Efectivamente, siempre ha habido confusión sobre si el Buda nació en Lumbini o en Kapilavastu. Lo cierto es que Lumbini es la región, que sigue existiendo en Nepal con el mismo nombre, mientras que Kapilavastu es una comarca dentro de Lumbini. Siempre se ha dado mucha importancia al sitio en el que nació el Sakyamuni así que nunca hubo dudas sobre su localización, pero no quedaba claro dónde vivió hasta los 29 años. El palacio de su padre efectivamente estuvo en Kapilavastu, pero ¿en qué sitio de la comarca? La respuesta se llama Tilaurakot. Ese es el nombre del municipio donde están sus ruinas.

http://www.communitywalk.com/sitiosdelbuda

LUGAR ¿QUÉ OCURRIÓ? Imagen

Kapilavastu Donde nace el Buda en la Luna Llena del 21 de mayo

Se sabía que el Buda vivió sus primeros años en Kapilavastu, pero no el sitio exacto en el que estuvo el palacio de su padre. Aquí está la respuesta: El Sakyamuni vivió hasta los 29 años aquí, en Tilaurakot, donde todavía se conservan las ruinas del palacio en el que su familia le aisló del mundo hasta que decidió conocerlo por sí mismo.

Valle del GangesDonde lleva una vida ascética con 5

bhikkus, durante 6 años, a partir de los 29 años

BoddgayaDonde se ilumina bajo el árbol Bodhi en la Luna Llena del 24 de mayo, al

lado del Río Neranjara, a la edad de 35 años

BodhGaya es donde el Sakyamuni alcanzó la Iluminación, convirtiéndose en Buda bajo las ramas de un gran árbol. El árbol original ya desapareció, pero el actual es hijo de sus semillas. A su lado se levanta la Gran Stupa de Mahaboddhi.

SarnathDa su primer sermón que pone en

movimiento la Rueda del Dharma, en el Parque de los Venados.

Sarnath es el pueblo cercano a Benarés donde se encuentra el Parque de los Ciervos. Aquí mismo es donde el Buda dió su primera enseñanza poco después de alcanzar la Iluminación.

Kammasadamma Da el segundo sermón sobre los 4 Fundamentos de la Atención

SavatthiDa el tercer sermón sobre el Entendimiento Correcto, en el

bosquecillo de Jeta, en el parque de Anathapindika

Sravasti era una antigua ciudad india a la que el Buda regresó desde el Cielo de Tushita, donde enseñó el Abbidharma. Se encuentra en una zona muy remota y mal comunicada del estado de Uttar Pradesh, por lo que es muy raramente visitada por los peregrinos. En la foto puede verse el lugar exacto en que estuvo la cabaña donde se alojaba.

Kusinagar Muere en la Luna Llena del 10 de mayo a la edad de 80 años

Aquí es donde murió el Sakyamuni a los 80 años, alcanzando el Mahaparinirvana. (Nota: La localización en el mapa es aproximada. En este área está el lugar donde murió, donde fueron cremados sus restos, y el templo donde se conserva la famosa estatua del buda moribundo).

Los Sitios Importantes en la Vida del Buda

Fuente y para ver la ubicación exacta de los sitios: http://www.communitywalk.com/sitiosdelbuda

9

1. LumbiniDonde el Buda nació

Lumbini

Llama eterna de la paz, Lumbini.

Lumbini$ Lumbini, lugar de nacimiento de Buda1!Patrimonio de la Humanidad — Unesco

Coordenadas! 27°28′8″N 83°16′34″EPaís! NepalTipo! CulturalCriterios! iii, viN.° identificación! 666revRegión2! AsiaAño de inscripción!1997 (XXI sesión)1Nombre descrito en la Lista del Patrimonio de la Humanidad.2Clasificación según UnescoLumbini (nombre moderno Rummindei) es un pueblo situado en el territorio de Nepal, en la región de Terai. Está considerado como el lugar de nacimiento de Buda; según la tradición, su madre lo parió en el camino de Kapilavastu, la capital del clan familiar.En 1896, unos arqueólogos, guiados por las anotaciones de viaje del peregrino chino Faxian, descubrieron un gran pilar de piedra de 6 m de alto erigido por Ashoka en 249 a. C. para conmemorar el nacimiento de Buda. El pilar tiene una inscripción que dice que el emperador había venido en visita oficial el vigésimo año de su reinado, y eximió al pueblo del pago de impuestos. Sin embargo, no se ha encontrado en las cercanías ningún rastro de la antigua Kapilavastu.El lugar se clasificó como Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco en el año 1997.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini

Kapilavastu

http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=27.52772,83.040977&spn=0.002878,0.005418&t=h&z=18&vpsrc=6&lci=com.panoramio.all

UNESCO has declared Lumbini as a World Heritage Site, which is in Nepal.[2] It is widely accepted that the Lord Buddha spent the first 29 years of his life in nearby Kapilavastu.[3][1]

Durante 6 años el Príncipe Siddartha, ya convertido en un renunciate lleva una vida ascética en el Valle del

Ganges junto con 5 Bhikkus. Esta etapa se conoce como la de la Gran Renuncia

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg?uselang=es

2. Bodh GayaDonde el Buda despertó

Árbol de Bodhi

528 Se ilumina* en el árbol Bodhi en la luna llena del 24 de mayo. Río Neranjara en Boddgaya (Noche de la Iluminación) Edad 35 años

Los budistas creen que el árbol de la fotografía, que se plantó en el sitio original donde estuvo el famoso árbol Bodhi, es su descendiente directo.

Árbol de BodhiEl árbol Bodhi fue la higuera (Ficus religiosa) debajo de la cual Buda (fundador del budismo) se sentó a meditar (en el siglo VI a. C.).

Se encontraba localizada en la ciudad de Bodh Gaya, a unos 100 km de la ciudad de Patna, en el estado de Bihar (India). Bajo ese árbol Buda tuvo el primer ejemplo del concepto budista, el camino medio, al aceptar alguna comida para continuar su ejercicio religioso.Actualmente hay una gran higuera situada al lado del templo Mahabodhi, llamada Sri Maha Bodhi, que se considera una descendiente directa del árbol Bodhi original.Según los textos budistas, Buda —lleno de gratitud hacia el árbol, después de la iluminación— se quedó ante el árbol con los ojos abiertos sin parpadear durante una semana entera.Este árbol ya se convirtió en un sitio de peregrinación incluso durante la vida de Buda. El rey Asoka (304–232 a. C.) iba cada año a rendir homenaje a este árbol de Bodhi, y cada año pagaba un festival en su honor en el mes de kattika.1 Su esposa Tissarakkhā se sentía celosa del árbol. Se convirtió en reina en el año 16 del reinado de Asoka (253 a. C.) y tres años después 250 a. C.), hizo matar el árbol mediante espinas de mandu.2 En el sitio se plantó un vástago del árbol original (o de otro árbol de la misma especie: Ficus religiosa). A su lado se construyó un monasterio, que se llamó Bodhi-Manda Vihara.3Notas [editar]

↑ Según el capítulo 17 del Maha vamsa.↑ Según el capítulo 20 del Maha vamsa.↑ Según el capítulo 29 del Maha vamsa.

3. SarnathDonde el Buda dio su primer discurso que puso a girar

la Rueda del Dharma

La Stupa Dhamekhaconstruida por el Rey Ashoka

SarnathSarnath es una ciudad de India ubicada en el distrito de Varanasi, Estado de Uttar Pradesh, India. Es una de las cuatro ciudades santas del budismo, siendo el lugar histórico donde Buda por primera predicó el budismo, dando nacimiento al Dharma, y cuna de la primera comunidad budista, dando nacimiento a la Sangha.Según las crónicas, dos siglos después de la muerte de Buda, doce mil monjes budistas vivían en Sarnath, la ciudad floreció, especialmente en cuanto a arte y religión budista, gracias al patrocinio de ricos reyes y mercaderes en la vecina Varanasi, y el peregrino chino Xuan Zang reportó en el siglo VII que había unos 30 monasterios y 3000 monjes en Sarnath, así como algunos templos hindúes y un templo jainista que todavía existe. La ciudad fue saqueada y devastada por los turcos musulmanes y cayó en abandono, y no fue redescubierta hasta las expediciones arqueológicas de Alexander Cunningham.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnath

http://www.fivecolleges.edu/sites/buddhism/studyabroad/

http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/sarnath.htm

Parque de los VenadosSarnath

Primer sermón sobre las Cuatro Nobles Verdades y el Camino Medio en el Parque de los Venados, Sarnath. Primer puesta en Movimiento de la Rueda del Dharma, el vehículo Nikaya o Hinayana. Dharmachakrapravatana

Gautama Buddha at IsipatanaThe Buddha went from Bodhgaya to Sarnath about 5 weeks after his enlightenment. Before Gautama (the Buddha-to-be) attained enlightenment, he gave up his austere penances and his friends, the Pañcavaggiya monks, left him and went to Isipatana.[4]

After attaining Enlightenment the Buddha, leaving Uruvela, travelled to the Isipatana to join and teach them. He went to them because, using his spiritual powers, he had seen that his five former companions would be able to understand Dharma quickly. While travelling to Sarnath, Gautama Buddha had to cross the Ganges. Having no money with which to pay the ferryman, he crossed the Ganges through the air. When King Bimbisāra heard of this, he abolished the toll for ascetics. When Gautama Buddha found his five former companions, he taught them, they understood and as a result they also became enlightened. At that time the Sangha, the community of the enlightened ones, was founded. The sermon Buddha gave to the five monks was his first sermon, called the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. It was given on the full-moon day of Asalha.[5] Buddha subsequently also spent his first rainy season at Sarnath[6] at the Mulagandhakuti. The Sangha had grown to 60 in number (after Yasa and his friends had become monks), and Buddha sent them out in all directions to travel alone and teach the Dharma. All 60 monks were Arahants.Several other incidents connected with the Buddha, besides the preaching of the first sermon, are mentioned as having taken place in Isipatana. Here it was that one day at dawn Yasa came to the Buddha and became an Arahant.[7] It was at Isipatana, too, that the rule was passed prohibiting the use of sandals made of talipot leaves.[8] On another occasion when the Buddha was staying at Isipatana, having gone there from Rājagaha, he instituted rules forbidding the use of certain kinds of flesh, including human flesh.[9] Twice, while the Buddha was at Isipatana, Māra visited him but had to go away discomfited.[10]

Besides the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta mentioned above, several other suttas were preached by the Buddha while staying at Isipatana, among them■ the Anattalakkhana Sutta,■ the Saccavibhanga Sutta,■ the Pañca Sutta (S.iii.66f),■ the Rathakāra or Pacetana Sutta (A.i.110f),■ the two Pāsa Suttas (S.i.105f),■ the Samaya Sutta (A.iii.320ff),■ the Katuviya Sutta (A.i.279f.),■ a discourse on the Metteyyapañha of the Parāyana (A.iii.399f), and■ the Dhammadinna Sutta (S.v.406f), preached to the distinguished layman Dhammadinna, who came to see the Buddha.

Some of the most eminent members of the Sangha seem to have resided at Isipatana from time to time; among recorded conversations at Isipatana are several between Sariputta and Mahakotthita,[11] and one between Mahākotthita and Citta-Hatthisariputta.[12] Mention is made, too, of a discourse in which several monks staying at Isipatana tried to help Channa in his difficulties.[13]

According to the Udapāna Jātaka (J.ii.354ff ) there was a very ancient well near Isipatana which, in the Buddha's time, was used by the monks living there.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnath#cite_ref-3

Isipatana

4. KushinagaraDonde el Buda alcanzó el Paranirvana

Makutabandhana, the cremation-site of Gautama Buddha's body

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushinagar

The Parinirvana Temple with the Parinirvana Stupa, Kushinagar

The ancient excavated Buddha-image inside the Parinirvana Temple, Kushinagar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahaparinirvana.jpg

KushinagarKushinagar es una ciudad en el distrito de Kushinagar, Estado de Uttar Pradesh (India) y es una de las cuatro ciudades santas del budismo, donde falleció el Buda y se encuentra su sepulcro.

Según la tradición budista, Kushinagar fue visitada por Buda poco antes de morir y adquirir el páranirvana (o máximo nirvana, el viaje final). La ciudad se convirtió en centro de peregrinación de budistas de todo el mundo y contó con muchos monasterios y templos. Fue visitada por el emperador indio Asoka, un devoto budista, en su peregrinaje por todas las ciudades santas budistas. Entre los monumentos sagrados que aún se preservan se encuentra la stupa Mahaparanirvana, atribuida a la stupa que se erigió en honor a Buda tras su muerte, la propia tumba de Buda —aunque vacía, ya que se supone que no dejó restos físicos— y una estatua de Buda de 1500 años.

Diferentes templos budistas de otras naciones han sido erigidos en Kushinagar, incluyendo templos birmanos, chinos, cingaleses, surcoreanos, tailandeses y tibetanos.

Demográficamente, la población es de 17,982 habitantes, 52% hombres y 48% mujeres, con un grado de alfabetización de 62%. La mayoría budistas pero con población hindú y yain.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushinagar

KushinagarFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kushinagar—  city  —

KushinagarKushinagar, Kusinagar or Kusinara is a town and a nagar panchayat in Kushinagar district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, near border of Nepal. It is an important Buddhist pilgrimage site, where Gautama Buddha died. It is the place of Malla Gana sangh kshatriya who belongs to supreme kshatriya clan of Ikshvaku.

Contents [hide]1 1 Demographics2 2 Ancient history3 3 Visits by the Buddha to Kushinagar4 4 Rediscovery5 5 Today6 6 References7 7 External links

[edit]

DemographicsAs of 2001 India census[1], Kushinagar had a population of 17,982. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Kushinagar has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 54%. In Kushinagar, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

[edit]

Location of Kushinagarin Uttar Pradesh and India

Coordinates26.741°N 83.888°ECountry IndiaStateUttar PradeshDistrict(s)KushinagarMember of ParliamentR. P. N. SinghPopulation17982 (2001)

Time zoneIST (UTC+5:30)Websitewww.kushinagar.nic.in

Ancient history

Ancient Indian (Bharata) cities and Places(Title and location names are in English.)In ancient times, it was known as Kushavati (Jatakas). It finds mention in epic Ramayana as the city of Kusha the son of Rama, the famous king of Ayodhya. Kushinagar was a celebrated center of the Malla kingdom of ancient India. Later, it would be known as Kushinara, one of the most important four holy sites for Buddhists. At this location, near the Hiranyavati River, Gautama Buddha attained Parinirvana (or 'Final Nirvana') after falling ill from eating a meal of a species of mushroom.

Many of the ruined stupas and viharas here date back to 3rd century BCE - 5th century CE when prosperity was at its peak. The Mauryan emperor Ashoka is known to have contributed to significant construction at this site.

Prior to its rediscovery in the 19th century, there was a silence of more than half a millennium at Kasia. Due to violent invasions, Kushinagar lost its vitality and eventually was neglected.

Since 1986 upto its birth in 1994, A Professor of History at U.N.P.G. College Padrauna, the District Headquarter contributed a lot in Literature & rose to world-wide eminence.

[edit]

Visits by the Buddha to KushinagarAt the time of the Buddha, Kushinagar was the capital of the Mallas, and the scene of the Buddha's death. It was twenty-five yojanas from Rajagaha (DA.ii.609; acc. to Fa Hsien, p. 40, it was twenty-four yojanas from Kapilavatthu) and lay on the high road from Alaka to Rájagaha, the road taken by Bávarí's disciples (SN.v.1012). At that time it was a small city, "a branch-township with wattle-and-daub houses in the midst of the jungle," and Ananda was, at first, disappointed that the Buddha should have chosen it for his Parinibbana. But the Buddha, by preaching the Maha-Sudassana Sutta, pointed out to him that in ancient times it had been Kusavati, the royal city of Maha-Sudassana (D.ii.146).

Makutabandhana, the cremation-site of Gautama Buddha's bodyIt is said that the Buddha had three reasons for coming to Kusinárá to die:

1. Because it was the proper venue for the preaching of the Mahá-Sudassana Sutta;2. Because Subhadda would visit him there and, after listening to his sermon, would develop meditation and become an arahant while the Buddha was still alive; and3. Because the brahman Doha would be there, after the Buddha's death, to solve the problem of the distribution of his relics (UdA.402f; DA.ii.573f6).

Between Kusinara and Pava, three gavutas away (DA.ii.573) - from where the Buddha came to Kusinára on his last journey from Rajagaha, stopping at various places - lay the stream of Kakuttha on the banks of which was the Ambavana; beyond that was the Hiraññavati river, and near the city, in a south-westerly direction, lay the Upavattana, the Sala-grove of the Mallas, which the Buddha made his last resting-place (UdA.238; DA.ii.572f).

After the Buddha's death his body was carried into the city by the northern gate and out of the city by the eastern gate; to the east of the city was Makutabandhana, the shrine of the Mallas, and there the body was cremated. For seven days those assembled at the ceremony held a festival in honour of the relics (D.ii.160f).

As the scene of his death, Kusinara became one of the four holy places declared by the Buddha (in the Mahaparinibbana Sutta (ii. 140) ) to be fit places of pilgrimage for the pious, the other three being Kapilavatthu, Buddhagaya and Isipatana (D.ii.140).

Mention is made of other visits paid to Kusinárá by the Buddha, prior to that when his death took place. Thus, once he went there from Ápana and having spent some time at Kusinárá, proceeded to Átumá. The Mallas of Kusinárá were always great admirers of the Buddha, even though not all of them were his followers, and on the occasion of this visit they decided that any inhabitant of Kusinárá who failed to go and meet the Buddha and escort him to the city, would be fined five hundred. It was on this occasion that Roja the Mallan was converted and gave to the Buddha and the monks a supply of green vegetables and pastries (Vin.i.247f). During some of these visits the Buddha stayed in a wood called Baliharana, and there he preached two of the Kusinárá Suttas (A.i.274f; v.79f) and the "Kinti" Sutta (M.ii.238f). A third Kusinárá Sutta he preached while staying at Upavattana. (A.ii.79; for another discourse to some noisy monks at Upavattana, see Ud.iv.2).

According to a late tradition, one-eighth of the Buddha's relics were deposited in a cairn in Kusinárá and honoured by the Mallas (D.ii.167; Bu.xxviii.3).

In Hiouen Thsang's day there still existed towers and Sarighárámas erected to mark the spots connected with the Buddha's last days and obsequies at Kusinárá. According to his account (Beal. op. cit.li. lii. n) Kusinárá was nineteen yojanas from Vesáli. A copper plate belonging to the thúpa erected at the site of the Buddha's death has recently been discovered (CAGI.i.714). there are many pilgrims over out sides.

[edit]

Rediscovery

The Parinirvana Temple with the Parinirvana Stupa, KushinagarThe remains of the Parinirvana Stupa and Parinirvana Temple, when rediscovered, were covered in a 40 foot high mound of bricks surrounded by a dense thorny forest. After E. Buchanan, an officer of the East India Company, arrived in Kasia in the course of his survey-work, H. H. Wilson, in 1854, made the suggestion that ancient Kushinagar and Kasia were the same. Work resumed around 1861–1862 when General Alexander Cunningham, an archaeological surveyor, would prove the site to be that of Gautama Buddha's passing. A British officer named Mr. A.C.L. Carlleyle followed suit. Excavations began in the late 1800s and many important remnants of the main site such as the Matha Kuar and Ramabhar stupa were unveiled.

TodayToday, Kushinagar is a much-frequented pilgrimage site for Indian and foreign tourists, and temples have been constructed by Indian, Chinese, Sri Lankan, Thai, Burmese, South Korean, Tibetan and Japanese Buddhists, alongside the ruins of monasteries and stupas. Kushinagar is one of the main four Buddhist pilgrimage sites related to the life of Gautama Buddha. The other three are Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, and Sarnath.

Today, in Kushinagar, there is a Post Graduate College and an Intermediate college. Today, Kushinagar has many hotels and restaurants for use by tourists.

The two places most frequently visited in Kushinagar are the Mahaparinirvana Stupa, which is built on the place of Buddha's Mahaparinirvana (Great Nirvana or passing away), and the place of his cremation, which is 1.6 km away. Close to the Mahaparinirvana Stupa is located a 1500 year old Buddha-image of the Buddha as he attained Parinirvana. The Mahaparinirvana Stupa is surrounded by ruins of ancient monasteries.

The Maitreya Project plans to build a 500ft/152m bronze statue of Maitreya Buddha near Kushinagar (previously planned in Bodhgaya).

The ancient excavated Buddha-image inside the Parinirvana Temple, Kushinagar[edit]

ReferencesA Literary History of Deoria & KushiNagar by Prof.(Dr.) M.A. Lari Azad (USM 1998 Ghaziabad)

1. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. Retrieved 2008-11-01.

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kushinara■ Entry on Kusinara (Kushinagar) in the Dictionary of Pali Proper Names■ photos of Kushinagar ruins and stupas

www.buddhist-city.com/.../ Kushinagar-map.htm

Elucidations of Kushinagar where Gautum Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana (Salvation) can be found in the pages of history. Extending from latitude 26° 45´ North and 83° 24´ East longitude, Kushinagar District of Uttar Pradesh is only 336 km away from the capital city of Lucknow. Spread over an expanse of 2873.5 sq. km, Kushnigar District is flanked by Mahrajganj in the west, Gorakhpur in the southwest, Deoria in the south and Bihar in the east, respectively.

With a populace of 22,35,505, agriculture forms Kushinagar’s economic backbone. The district grows sugarcane, paddy, wheat, fruits, and turmeric and also contains a few sugar mills and one distillery.

Kushinagar is a place of immense cultural and religious significance. Every year tourists and apostles of Lord Buddha flock to this holy sanctum whose eminent tourist spots include:

Mahaparinirvana TempleNirvana ChaityaRamabhar StupaMatha Kuar ShrineMeditation ParkIndo-Japanese-Srilanka TempleWat Thai TempleMuseumRuins & Brick StructuresPawa NagarSun Temple and other noteworthy detinations.

El Peregrinar del Budahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_Gautama

Geografía del Buda

- Nace en Kapilavastu. 563. En una familia real, en un pequeño reino en el norte de la India, hoy Nepal, llamado Kapilavastu (hoy se llama Padeira) y que tiene un bello jardín llamado Jardín de Lumbini.- Lleva una vida ascética en el valle del Ganges (534-528)- Se ilumina en Boddgaya, 528- Da su primer sermón en el Parque de los Venados en Sarnath, 528- Muere en Kusinagar, 480

Shakyamuni alcanzó la Budeidad en BodhGaya, cerca de BodhGaya en el actual Bihar, India. BodhGaya y el Parque de los Ciervos están bastante lejos el uno del otro. Cuando estuvimos en la India hace unos pocos años, nos llevó un día y medio ir de BodhGaya al Parque de los Ciervos en autobús. El Buda caminó de BodhGaya al Parque de los Ciervos para enseñar a sus cinco primos, quienes más tarde se convirtieron en sus primeros cinco bhiksus.

El Surangama Sutra

"Inmersión a través del sonido", el primero de los "Veinticinco Métodos de la Completa Inmersión", una charla impartida por el maestro Sheng Yen en el Centro Chan el domingo 16 de mayo de 1993.http://spanish.dharmadrum.org/content/buddhism/cont2.aspx?id=71

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Los 4

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wikipedia/en/2/21/EpicIndiaCities.jpg

http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/pilgrimage.htm

Lumbini is the place where the Buddha, known as the Tathagata* was born. It is the place which should be visited and seen by a person of devotion and which should cause awareness and apprehension of the nature of impermanence.' * Tathagata - One who has found the Truth.

The birthplace of the Gautama Buddha, Lumbini, is the Mecca of every Buddhist, being one of the four holy places of Buddhism. It is said in the Parinibbana Sutta that Buddha himself identified four places of future pilgrimage: the sites of his birth, enlightenment, first discourse, and death. All of these events happened outside in nature under trees. While there is not any particular significance in this, other than it perhaps explains why Buddhists have always respected the environment and natural law.

Lumbini is situated at the foothills of the Himalayas in modern Nepal. In the Buddha's time, Lumbini was a beautiful garden full of green and shady Sal trees (Shorea). The garden and its tranquil environs were owned by both the Shakyas and Kolias clans. King Suddhodana, father of Gautama Buddha was of the Shakya dynasty belonging to the Kshatriya or the warrior caste. Maya Devi, his mother, gave birth to the child on her way to her parent's home in Devadaha while taking rest in Lumbini under a sal tree in the month of May in the year 642 B.C. The beauty of Lumbini is described in Pali and Sanskrit literature. Maya Devi it is said was spellbound to see the natural grandeur of Lumbini. While she was standing, she felt labor pains and catching hold of a drooping branch of a Sal tree, the baby, the future Buddha, was born.

The bas relief above [ click to view ] depicts Maya Devi with her right hand holding on to a branch of a sal tree with a newborn child standing upright on a lotus petal, shedding an oval halo, around his head, while two celestial figures pour water and lotuses from vessels of heaven as indicated by the delineation of clouds. This nativity scene was installed by Malla Kings of the Naga dynasty from about the 11th to 15th Century in the Karnali zone of Nepal.

In 249 BC, when the Emperor Ashoka visited Lumbini it was a flourishing village. Ashoka constructed four stupas and a stone pillar with a figure of a horse on top. The stone pillar bears an inscription which, in English translation, runs as follows: "King Piyadasi (Ashoka), beloved of devas, in the 20 year of the coronation, himself made a royal visit, Buddha Sakyamuni having been born here, a stone railing was built and a stone pillar erected to the Bhagavan having been born here, Lumbini village was taxed reduced and entitled to the eight part (only)".

http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/lumbini.htm

LumbiniBirth Place

Maya Devi Temple

Lumbini remained neglected for centuries. In 1895, Feuhrer, a famous German archaeologist, discovered the great pillar while wandering about the foothills of the Churia range. Further exploration and excavation of the surrounding area revealed the existence of a brick temple and a sandstone sculpture within the temple itself which depicts the scenes of the Buddha's birth.

It is pointed out by scholars that the temple of Maya Devi was constructed over the foundations of more than one earlier temple or stupa, and that this temple was probably built on an Ashokan stupa itself. On the south of the Maya Devi temple there is the famous sacred bathing pool known as Puskarni. It is believed that Maha Devi took a bath in this pool before the delivery. By the side of the Ashoka pillar there is a river which flows southeast and is locally called the 'Ol' river. In 1996, an archaeological dig unearthed a "flawless stone" placed there by the Indian Emperor Ashoka in 249 BC to mark the precise location of the Buddha's birth more than 2,600 years ago, if authenticated, the find will put Lumbini even more prominently on the map for millions of religious pilgrims.

Recently, several beautiful shrines have been built by devotees from Buddhist countries. A visit to Lumbini, the birthplace of Buddha, is not only for spiritual enlightenment but also for solace and satisfaction that one gets in such a calm and peaceful place.

http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/lumbini.htm

Bodh GayaEnlightenment

"Bodh Gaya is the place where Gautama Buddha attained unsurpassed, supreme Enlightenment. It is a place which should be visited or seen by a person of devotion and which would cause awareness and apprehension of the nature of impermanence".

Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha-to-be, had been dwelling on the banks of the Nairanjana River with five ascetic followers for six years practicing austerities. Realising that austerities could not lead to realisation he abandoned them. His five ascetic companions disgusted at his seeming failure, deserted him and left for Sarnath.

He then moved towards the village of Senani where he was offered rice milk by a Brahmin girl, Sujata. Accepting from a grass-cutter a gift of kusa grass for a mat, the Bodhisattva took a seat under a pipal tree facing east. Here he resolved not to rise again until enlightenment was attained.

"Here on this seat my body may shrivel up,my skin, my bones, my flesh may dissolve,but my body will not move from this seat until I have attained Enlightenment,so difficult to obtain in the course of many kalpas".

As Gautama sat in deep meditation, Mara, Lord of Illusion, perceiving that his power was about to be broken, rushed to distract him from his purpose. The Bodhisattva touched the earth, calling it to bear witness the countless lifetimes of virtue that had led him to this place of enlightenment. When the earth shook, confirming the truth of Gautama's words, Mara unleashed his army of demons. In the epic battle that ensued, Gautama's wisdom broke through the illusions and the power of his compassion transformed the demons' weapons into flowers and Mara and all his forces fled in disarray.

Seat of Enlightenment: The Diamond Throne, Vajrasana.

The Maha Bodhi Temple

The historical place at which the Enlightenment took place became a place of pilgrimage. Though it is not mentioned in the scriptures, the Buddha must have visited Bodh Gaya again in the course of his teaching career. About 250 years after the Enlightenment, the Buddhist Emperor, Ashoka visited the site and is considered the founder of the Mahabodhi Temple. According to the tradition, Ashoka, as well as establishing a monastery, erected a diamond throne shrine at this spot with a canopy supported by four pillars over a stone representation of the Vajrasana, the Seat of Enlightenment.

The temple's architecture is superb but its history is shrouded in obscurity. It was constructed with the main intention of making it a monument and not a receptacle for the relics of the Buddha. Several shrines were constructed with enshrined images for use as places of worship.

The basement of the present temple is 15m square, 15m in length as well as in breadth and its height is 52m which rises in the form of a slender pyramid tapering off from a square platform. On its four corners four towers gracefully rise to some height. The whole architectural plan gives pose and balance to the observers.

Inside the temple there is a colossal image of the Buddha in the "touching the ground pose", bhumisparsha mudra. This image is said to be 1700 years old and is facing east exactly at the place where the Buddha in meditation with his back to the Bodhi tree was enlightened.

The Bodhi Tree

For seven days after the Enlightenment, the Buddha continued to meditate under the Bodhi tree without moving from his seat. During the second week he practiced walking meditation. A jewel walk, Chankramanar, was built as a low platform adorned with nineteen lotuses which are parallel to the Maha Bodhi temple on its north side. For another week the Buddha contemplated the Bodhi tree. In this place a stupa was built called Animeschalochana situated to the north of the Chankramanar.

On the back of the main temple situated to the west (see picture) there is an ancient pipal tree Ficus religiosa or Bodhi tree. It was under this tree that Gautama sat for enlightenment. The present tree is considered only as the descendant of the original tree. There is a tradition that Ashoka's wife had it secretly cut down because she became jealous of the time Ashoka spent there. But it grew again and a protective wall was also built at the time. Many sacred trees in India and other countries are originally raised from seeds brought from the ancient Bodh Gaya tree. A shoot of the original Bodhi tree was taken to Sri Lanka in the 3rd century B.C. by Bhikkhuni Sangamitta, daughter of Ashoka, where the Lankan king Devanampiyatissa planted it at the Mahavihara monastery in Anuradhapura where it still flourishes today. While the Vajrasana was the specific site of the enlightenment, the Bodhi tree, closely linked to the Buddha's accomplishment, became a central focus of devotion early in the history of the Sangha. Pilgrims sought the Bodhi Tree's seeds and leaves as blessings for their monasteries and homes.

Around the Bodhi tree and the Mahbodhi temple there are quadrangular stone railings around 0.2m high with four bars including the top piece. These are of two types and can be distinguished from each other in style and material used. The older set is dated to about 150 BC and made of sandstone while the latter set is probably of the Gupta period (300-600 AD) and constructed from course granite. The older set has a number of designs representing scenes from the purchase of Jetavana by Ananthapindika at Sravasti, Lakshmi being bathed by elephants, Surya riding a chariot drawn by four horses, etc. On the latter set there are figures of stupas, Garudas, etc. In most of these railings lotus motifs are commonly used.

Bodhgaya Revitalised

Since 1953, Bodh Gaya has been developed as an international place of pilgrimage. Buddhists from Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, Tibet, Bhutan and Japan have established monasteries and temples within easy walking distance of the Mahabodhi compound. The site of the enlightenment now attracts Buddhists and tourists from all over the world.

At any time during the cooler months between December and March, a visitor to Bodh Gaya can observe a continual stream of Indian and international pilgrims walking the roads or arriving in buses, circumambulating the temple, performing prostrations and offering prayers in a multitude of languages. For those who aspire to awaken their full potential, Bodh Gaya today is truly a field vibrant with the potentiality of enlightenment. Enriched by devotion of Buddhists of all traditions, this holy site is emerging as a powerful inspiration to the modern world, awakening people of all nations to the real possibility of enlightenment.

SarnathFirst Teaching

After attaining enlightenment at Bodh Gaya the Buddha went to Sarnath; and it was here that he preached his first discourse in the deer park to set in motion the 'Wheel of the Dharma'. It is one of the most holy sites as in this place the stream of the Buddha's teaching first flowed.

At this place, the Buddha encountered the five men who had been his companions of earlier austerities. On meeting the enlightened Buddha, all they saw was an ordinary man; they mocked his well-nourished appearance. "Here comes the mendicant Gautama," they said, "who has turned away from asceticism. He is certainly not worth our respect." When they reminded him of his former vows, the Buddha replied, "Austerities only confuse the mind. In the exhaustion and mental stupor to which they lead, one can no longer understand the ordinary things of life, still less the truth that lies beyond the senses. I have given up extremes of either luxury or asceticism. I have discovered the Middle Way". Hearing this the five ascetics became the Buddha's first disciples.

Gautama Buddha started teaching not to debate but for the advantage of and out of compassion for human beings. He explained the middle way which avoids extremes, the Four Noble Truths, and prescribed the Eight-fold path. The Four Noble Truths are: 1. There is suffering; 2. Suffering has a cause; 3. The cause is removable, and 4. There are ways to remove the causes. So as to remove the causes the Buddha prescribed an Eight-fold Path: Right speech, Right action, Right livelihood, Right effort, Right mindfulness, Right concentration, Right attitude and Right view.

A Monastic tradition flourished for over 1,500 years on the site of the deer park at Sarnath. In the third century BC Ashoka erected a column 15.24 m in height which had four lions as its capital which is now treasured in the archaeology museum. The lion symbolises both Ashoka's imperial rule and the kingship of the Buddha. The four-lion capital was adopted as the emblem of the modern Indian republic. The last and largest monastery constructed before the Muslim invasion was Dharma-Chakar-Jina Vihar, erected by Kumardevi, wife of King Govinda Chandra, who ruled over Benares during 1114 to 1154. In 1194 AD, Kutubuddin Aibak, the Muslim conqueror, leveled the city to the ground. Sarnath became a forest of debris below which the historical ruins remained buried. Of the two great stupas which adorned the city only the Dhamekha remained which is of the 6th century.

SarnathSarnath es una ciudad de India ubicada en el distrito de Varanasi, Estado de Uttar Pradesh, India. Es una de las cuatro ciudades santas del budismo, siendo el lugar histórico donde Buda por primera vez predicó el budismo, dando nacimiento al Dharma, y cuna de la primera comunidad budista, dando nacimiento a la Sangha.Según las crónicas, dos siglos después de la muerte de Buda, doce mil monjes budistas vivían en Sarnath, la ciudad floreció, especialmente en cuanto a arte y religión budista, gracias al patrocinio de ricos reyes y mercaderes en la vecina Varanasi, y el peregrino chino Xuan Zang reportó en el siglo VII que había unos 30 monasterios y 3000 monjes en Sarnath, así como algunos templos hindúes y un templo jainista que todavía existe. La ciudad fue saqueada y devastada por los turcos musulmanes y cayó en abandono, y no fue redescubierta hasta las expediciones arqueológicas de Alexander Cunningham.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnath

Sarnath se encuentra a 13 km de la ciudad de Varanasi (Benares)

http://maps.google.com.mx/maps?client=safari&rls=en&oe=UTF-8&redir_esc=&um=1&ie=UTF-8&q=mapa+sarnath+y+varanasi&fb=1&gl=mx&hq=sarnath+y&hnear=Benarés,+Uttar+Pradesh,

+India&cid=0,0,17190541791124452225&ei=qW2LTc_tCpOesQOBr4ikCg&sa=X&oi=local_result&ct=image&resnum=1&ved=0CB8QnwIwAA

The Dhamekha Stupa

This is the most conspicuous structure at Sarnath. Colonel Cunningham bore a shaft from the top centre of the stupa and discovered a stone tablet on which an inscription is written with the word Dhamekha, and mentions that this is the spot where the Buddha delivered his first sermon. Dhamekha seems to be a distorted form of Dharma Chakra which means turning the wheel of the Dharma. It is also said that at this spot the five ascetics who left Gautama Buddha in Bodh Gaya used to live in huts. The original stupa was constructed by Ashoka. The present size of the stupa is 31.3 m high and 28.3 m in diameter. The lower portion of the stupa is covered completely with beautifully carved stones. The design consists of a broad band of Swastika (fylfot) carved in different geometrical patterns with a finely chiselled lotus wreath, running over and below the swastikas.

The Dhamekha stupa is considered to be the sacred place where the voice of Buddhism was first heard. Many dignitaries of Buddhist countries visit this place for circumambulation of this sacred stupa and to worship the Buddha. Tibetans Buddhist circumambulate it chanting the mantra 'Om mani padme hum'. The first discourse of the Buddha was on the 'Wheel of Law'. The wheel symbolises samsara (world), the eternal round of existence which goes on and on, life after life because of ceaseless cravings and desire.

KusinaraPassing away

The Buddha's last days are described in the Pali text called the Great Parinirvana Sutra (Parinirvana meaning "completed nirvana"). The Buddha's living nirvana, achieved during enlightenment, at death transforms to nirvana without human residue. Self possessed, without psychological pain, untroubled by the thoughts of death, the Buddha identifies four places of future pilgrimage: the sites of his birth, enlightenment, first sermon, and death. "But don't hinder yourself by honouring my remains," he added.

On reaching the village of Kusinara of the Mallas on the further side of the Hiranyavati river, the Buddha realised that his end was fast approaching. He told Ananda to prepare a bed for him with its head turned towards the north between two sal trees. Ananda who served him for 20 years was deeply upset. "Don't grieve, Ananda!" the Buddha consoles him. "The nature of things dictates that we must leave those dear to us. Everything born contains its own cessation. I too, Ananda, am grown old, and full of years, my journey is drawing to its close, I am turning 80 years of age, and just as a worn-out cart can only with much additional care be made to move along, so too the body of the Buddha can only be kept going with much additional care".

As desired by the Buddha, the Mallas of Kusinara were informed of his impending death, and they came to pay respects to him. Among them was a mendicant named Subhadra, a 120 year old Brahmin. He had earlier been turned away by Ananda but when the Buddha overheard this he called the Brahmin to his side. He was admitted to the Sangha (Buddhist order) and immediately after his conversion he passed away.

When the third quarter of the night approached, the Buddha asked his disciples three times if there were any doubts about the teachings or the disciplines. The Bhikkhus stood silent. "Not one, Ananda, has misgivings. All will eventually reach enlightenment.

The Buddha then said his final words, "Listen, Bhikkhus, I say this: all conditioned things are subject to decay, strive with diligence for your liberation".

He then passed into meditational absorptions and entered Mahaparinirvana (the great passing away). It was the full moon of the month of Vaisakha (April-May) and the year was probably between 487 and 483 B.C. However, according to the Sri Lankan tradition and other southeastern countries, it is believed that the Buddha entered Parinirvana in 544-543 B.C.

For the next six days the body of the Great Master was laid in state. Preparations were made for his funeral under the direction of Anirudha a cousin and follower of the Buddha. On the seventh day, after honouring the body with perfumes and garlands, it was taken to the Mukutbandhana Chaitya, the sacred shrine of the Mallas. The last ceremony was performed by Maha Kasapa and the body of the Great Master was cremated with due honour. When the cremation was completed the ashes were collected by the Mallas as relics, which consisted of a skull bone, teeth and inner and outer shrouds. The relics were then distributed into eight shares amongst the representatives of the other eight Kingdoms which constituted ancient northern India. These relics were again subdivided after King Ashoka decided to build 84,000 stupas. Today these relics are enshrined in stupas across Asia.

The present temple was built by the Indian Government in 1956 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th year of the Mahaparinivana or 2500 BE (Buddhist Era). Inside this temple, one can see the famous Reclinging Buddha image lying on its right side with the head to the north. The statue is 6.1 m long and rests on a stone couch. [ see link ]

On the front of the couch are three sculptures, believed to represent Ven. Ananda near the feet, Ven. Subhadda at the middle and Ven. Dabba Malla at the corner. At the centre is an inscriptionof the 5th century AD, which states the statue was "a gift of the monk Haribala of the Mahavihara and was fashioned by Dinna". This 1500-year old reclining Buddha image was executed out of one block of red sandstone brough in from Mathura during the Gupta period. It was discovered in 1876 in a dilapidated condition and the scattered fragments were successfully pieced together.

Excavation showed that the original temple on the site consisted of an oblong hall and antechamber with its entrance facing the west. Large number of bricks with carved surfaces found among the rubbish indicated that the temple had a barrel-vaulted roof not unlike that on the modern temple.

Imagenes de la India

Googleando por ahí he encontrado estas fotos de un estudiante de medicina que fue a la India a estudiar el uso de las aguas en India y su relación con la diarrea. Se llama Jonathan Black, aquí os dejo algunas fotos suyas

mjhideout.com/forum/ ocio-y-cultura/74088-viaj...

Yo no sé cuando será, pero de aquí a unos años (quién sabe si 5, 10, 20... no lo sé) tengo pendiente hacer una visita a los sitios de peregrinación del budismo en la India.

Kapilavastu (Lumbini) - Donde nació y se crió el Buda, el entonces príncipe Siddhartha Gautama. En realidad Kapilavastu está al sur de Nepal, pero en aquellos tiempos su reino pertenecía a la India:

"Viaje a la India" de Juan Manuel Rodrigo (fotógrafo)

Bodhgaya (Bihar) - Siddharta se hizo Buda en Uravilva, una aldea cerca del río Nairanjana, muy cerca de la población de Bodhgaya, en el actual estado indio de Bihar. Posiblemente este sea el punto de peregrinación más importante de todos los budistas del mundo desde hace más de 2500 años. Buda alcanzó la Iluminación sentado bajo un árbol boddhi y el árbol actual es el nieto directo de aquel árbol original:

Sarnath (Benarés)- Cerca de Benarés está Sarnath, donde el Buda se encontró con unos viejos conocidos meditadores que se convirtieron en sus primeros discípulos, al dar sus primeras enseñanzas como ser ya liberado de sufrimientos, en el Parque de los Ciervos:

Vaishali (Kushinagar) - El Buda tenía 80 años cuando cruzó hacia el norte el río Ganges, en el punto donde actualmente está la ciudad de Patna:

Poco antes le habían ofrecido una comida que incluía carne en mal estado, así que enfermó pero no se dejó fatigar por la gastroenteritis y llego a Vaishali, un pueblo donde solía quedarse a veces en unos jardines muy bonitos que sus seguidores habían hecho para él.

Allí es donde dejó que su compañero de viaje y discípulo principal, Ananda, se fuera a dormir un rato. Mientras tanto, y purificando su último karma en forma de infección de estómago, pensó que era un buen momento para morir, tumbándose en la postura del león, y entrando en estado de Mahaparinirvana.

Finalmente, allí cerca en Kushinagar, quisiera ver algun día la estatua de Maitreya, el próximo buda, cuando ya la hayan terminado de construir:

Cómo se repartieron las reliquias del Buda

Cómo se repartieron las reliquias del Buda

1. Ajatasattu Videhuputta, rey de Maghada en Rajagaha2. Licchavis de Vesala en Vesali3. Sakyas de Kapilavatthu en Kapilavatthu4. Bulis de Allakappa en Allakappa5. Kolis de Ramagama en Ramagama6. El brahmán Bethadipa en Vethadipa7. Mallas de Pava en Pava8. Mallas de Kusinara en Kusinara

El brahmán Dona, erigió la stupa sobre la urnaMoriyas de Pipphalivana en Pipphalivana, eirigieron la stupa sobre las cenizas

http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/mapbud.htm

http://www.buddhamind.info/leftside/arty/his-life/india.htm