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ONTOLOGICAL INDETERMINACY AND ITS SOTERIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: AN ASSESSMENT OF MOU ZONGSAN'S (1909±1995) INTERPRETATION OF ZHIYI'S (538±597) TIANTAI BUDDHISM Hans-Rudolf Kantor Graduate Institute of East Asian Humanities, Huafan University, Taibei Introduction: The Concern with Ontology in Tiantai Buddhism The issue of ontology in Zhiyi's Tiantai teaching is the central focus of Mou Zong- san's study Buddha-nature and Prajn Äa Å wisdom (Foxing yu bole [',å). 1 This study represented the first time in the scholastic tradition of Tiantai Buddhism that the subject had been dealt with in depth, yet no subsequent studies dealt critically with the issue, contributing either a new point of view or substantially developing Mou's. 2 Rather, the works of Mou's Taiwanese disciples emphatically supported their master's views, providing only some exegetical explanations. 3 In contrast to Mou Zongsan, Wu Rujun (also known as Ng Yu-Kwan), a Buddhist scholar and Mou Zongsan disciple from Hong Kong, denies that ontological speculation plays a crucial role in this system of Tiantai teaching, although he borrows some important insights from Mou. Rather than ontological issues he stresses the importance of the epistemological and soteriological aspects of Tiantai teaching. 4 In fact, there is just one English article, written by Mou Zongsan's disciple Wing- cheuk Chan, relating Mou Zongsan's conception of ontology in Tiantai Buddhism to Heidegger's thoughts on fundamental ontology. 5 Chan's study essentially attempts to point out the similarities between the theoretical speculation in Tiantai teaching and Heidegger's views on the concepts of ``world,'' ``truth,'' and ``Erschlossenheit.'' Mou's view of Tiantai Buddhism represents an important part of his general re- construction of Chinese philosophy, which also includes his reflections on Confu- cianism and Daoism. In his concern with the issue of ontology in Tiantai Buddhism, he is influenced by a certain scholastic movement that started to assert itself in the Chinese intellectual environment at the beginning of the twentieth century. Three generations of Chinese scholars have focused their efforts on reconstructing the entire system of Chinese philosophy, referring both to the three traditions of Confu- cianism, Daoism, and Buddhism and to the essential differences between Chinese and Western philosophical traditions. This New Confucian Movement (vã°) is concerned with reconstructing a ``Chinese philosophy'' that mainly relies on Chinese traditions and is supposed to be essentially distinct from Western philoso- phy, although it is nonetheless believed to represent a universal type of modern humanism. 6 The initial inspiration came from first-generation thinkers like Liang Shuming (1893±1988), Ma Yifu (1883±1967), Xiong Shili (1885±1968), and He Lin (1902± 16 Philosophy East & West Volume 56, Number 1 January 2006 16±68 > 2006 by University of Hawai`i Press

ONTOLOGICAL INDETERMINACY AND ITS SOTERIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE an Assesment of Mou Zongsans Interpretation of Zhiyi's TianTai Buddhism by Hans Rudolf Kantor

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