Part 5 geology - gradulaism or catastrophism

A Creation Seminar by

Mark Woodson

Mark WoodsonP.O. Box 226

Terra Ceia, FL. 34520 (941)737-0279

e-mail: [email protected]


Mark Woodson


Terra Ceia, FL. 34520 (941)737-0279


What is the Geologic What is the Geologic Column?Column?

What is the Geologic What is the Geologic Column?Column?

Among the earliest Among the earliest contributions to historical contributions to historical

geology came from the geology came from the Italian scientist & artist Italian scientist & artist Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci (1452- (1452-

1519), who speculated that 1519), who speculated that fossils might have come from fossils might have come from

the remains of long-dead the remains of long-dead animals.animals.

Among the earliest Among the earliest contributions to historical contributions to historical

geology came from the geology came from the Italian scientist & artist Italian scientist & artist Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci (1452- (1452-

1519), who speculated that 1519), who speculated that fossils might have come from fossils might have come from

the remains of long-dead the remains of long-dead animals.animals.

The geologic column is the The geologic column is the supposed arrangement of supposed arrangement of sedimentary layers called sedimentary layers called strata. These strata are strata. These strata are theoretically arranged in theoretically arranged in

various configurations based various configurations based as much upon what as much upon what

geologists and geologists and paleontologists say paleontologists say should should be therebe there as what is actually as what is actually

found there.found there.

The geologic column is the The geologic column is the supposed arrangement of supposed arrangement of sedimentary layers called sedimentary layers called strata. These strata are strata. These strata are theoretically arranged in theoretically arranged in

various configurations based various configurations based as much upon what as much upon what

geologists and geologists and paleontologists say paleontologists say should should be therebe there as what is actually as what is actually

found there.found there.

What is strata?What is strata?The field of science dedicated to the study of these strata

is called stratigraphy. Specifically its the study of rock strata, especially the

distribution and {presumed} age of sedimentary rocks.

The field of science dedicated to the study of these strata

is called stratigraphy. Specifically its the study of rock strata, especially the

distribution and {presumed} age of sedimentary rocks.

StratigraphyStratigraphy itself had itself had its beginnings when the its beginnings when the

Danish geologist Danish geologist Nicolaus Steno Nicolaus Steno (1638-1687) studied the (1638-1687) studied the

{supposed} {supposed} age of rock strata.age of rock strata.

StratigraphyStratigraphy itself had itself had its beginnings when the its beginnings when the

Danish geologist Danish geologist Nicolaus Steno Nicolaus Steno (1638-1687) studied the (1638-1687) studied the

{supposed} {supposed} age of rock strata.age of rock strata.

Steno formulated what came to Steno formulated what came to be known as the be known as the law of law of

superpositionsuperposition, or the idea that , or the idea that strata are deposited in a strata are deposited in a

successive manner so that the successive manner so that the deeper the layer, the older the deeper the layer, the older the

rock. rock. This, of course, This, of course, assumesassumes that that

the rock has been undisturbed, the rock has been undisturbed, and it is applicable only for one and it is applicable only for one of the three major types of rock, of the three major types of rock,

sedimentary (as opposed to sedimentary (as opposed to igneous or metamorphic).igneous or metamorphic).

Steno formulated what came to Steno formulated what came to be known as the be known as the law of law of

superpositionsuperposition, or the idea that , or the idea that strata are deposited in a strata are deposited in a

successive manner so that the successive manner so that the deeper the layer, the older the deeper the layer, the older the

rock. rock. This, of course, This, of course, assumesassumes that that

the rock has been undisturbed, the rock has been undisturbed, and it is applicable only for one and it is applicable only for one of the three major types of rock, of the three major types of rock,

sedimentary (as opposed to sedimentary (as opposed to igneous or metamorphic).igneous or metamorphic).

Steno was a Biblical literalist, meaning that he believed that the

Biblical account of earth’s history as beginning approximately 43904390 B.C.

was literal and accurate.

Steno, was the man who founded the science of earth history. His success earned him the title of

"founder" of the sciences of crystallography, paleontology,

stratigraphy, and earth history, if not the father of geology itself.

Steno was a Biblical literalist, meaning that he believed that the

Biblical account of earth’s history as beginning approximately 43904390 B.C.

was literal and accurate.

Steno, was the man who founded the science of earth history. His success earned him the title of

"founder" of the sciences of crystallography, paleontology,

stratigraphy, and earth history, if not the father of geology itself.

Steno grew up in northern Europe Steno grew up in northern Europe during the Protestant Reformation but during the Protestant Reformation but

made his mark in geology while in made his mark in geology while in northern Italy, where he followed on northern Italy, where he followed on

the heels of Galileo. the heels of Galileo.

Steno was first and foremost a Flood Steno was first and foremost a Flood geologist, who saw the earth as geologist, who saw the earth as

having a finite history dominated by having a finite history dominated by creation, the flood, and coming creation, the flood, and coming

judgment. For him there were no judgment. For him there were no "prehistoric ages," for earth and man "prehistoric ages," for earth and man were both created during the same were both created during the same six-day span only a few thousand six-day span only a few thousand

years ago.years ago.

Steno grew up in northern Europe Steno grew up in northern Europe during the Protestant Reformation but during the Protestant Reformation but

made his mark in geology while in made his mark in geology while in northern Italy, where he followed on northern Italy, where he followed on

the heels of Galileo. the heels of Galileo.

Steno was first and foremost a Flood Steno was first and foremost a Flood geologist, who saw the earth as geologist, who saw the earth as

having a finite history dominated by having a finite history dominated by creation, the flood, and coming creation, the flood, and coming

judgment. For him there were no judgment. For him there were no "prehistoric ages," for earth and man "prehistoric ages," for earth and man were both created during the same were both created during the same six-day span only a few thousand six-day span only a few thousand

years ago.years ago.

Although it may come as a surprise to geology students, Flood geology gave to scientists what they didn't have before --

a linear view of Earth history. Steno's geology was politically incorrect for another reason -- he incorporated

intelligent design into his reasoning. He observed the remarkable similarity between the natural (inorganic) growth

of crystals in the laboratory and the growth of the mineral that composes the

shells of living organisms.

Although it may come as a surprise to geology students, Flood geology gave to scientists what they didn't have before --

a linear view of Earth history. Steno's geology was politically incorrect for another reason -- he incorporated

intelligent design into his reasoning. He observed the remarkable similarity between the natural (inorganic) growth

of crystals in the laboratory and the growth of the mineral that composes the

shells of living organisms.

Shell growth is controlled by an ordering principle, a teleonomy, by which the calcium carbonate conforms exactly to the form of the soft-bodied creature it contains; i.e., a clam shell grows in such a way as to perfectly enclose the creature inside. No such ordering principle is found in inorganically formed crystals, only repetition. When he demonstrated apparent design and purpose in fossil shells, Steno demonstrated (contrary to Aristotle) that fossils are the remains of once living organisms.

Shell growth is controlled by an ordering principle, a teleonomy, by which the calcium carbonate conforms exactly to the form of the soft-bodied creature it contains; i.e., a clam shell grows in such a way as to perfectly enclose the creature inside. No such ordering principle is found in inorganically formed crystals, only repetition. When he demonstrated apparent design and purpose in fossil shells, Steno demonstrated (contrary to Aristotle) that fossils are the remains of once living organisms.

[The interesting thing is] . . .

He used intelligent design to do it.

How odd that Steno is universally praised today for his accomplishments in geology, yet spurned (on two counts) for his methods of arriving at them.

Steno believed a literal Genesis.

[The interesting thing is] . . .

He used intelligent design to do it.

How odd that Steno is universally praised today for his accomplishments in geology, yet spurned (on two counts) for his methods of arriving at them.

Steno believed a literal Genesis. *William A. Hoesch, M.S. geology, is research *William A. Hoesch, M.S. geology, is research assistant in Geology.assistant in Geology.

Later, the German geologist Johann Gottlob

Lehmann (1719-1767) put forward the theory that

certain groups of rocks tend to be associated with each other and that each

layer of rock is a sort of chapter in the history of Earth.

Later, the German geologist Johann Gottlob

Lehmann (1719-1767) put forward the theory that

certain groups of rocks tend to be associated with each other and that each

layer of rock is a sort of chapter in the history of Earth.

Thus, along with Steno, Lehmann helped pioneer the

idea of the stratigraphic stratigraphic columncolumn . . . The man credited as

the "father of stratigraphy," however, was the English

engineer and geologist William Smith (1769-1839).

In 1815 Smith produced the first modern geologic map, showing

rock strata in England and Wales.

Thus, along with Steno, Lehmann helped pioneer the

idea of the stratigraphic stratigraphic columncolumn . . . The man credited as

the "father of stratigraphy," however, was the English

engineer and geologist William Smith (1769-1839).

In 1815 Smith produced the first modern geologic map, showing

rock strata in England and Wales.

Smith's achievement, . . . influenced all of geology to the present day by introducing the idea of geologic, as opposed to geographic, mapping.

Furthermore, by linking stratigraphy with

paleontology, a new division of stratigraphy, was created known as biostratigraphy.

Smith's achievement, . . . influenced all of geology to the present day by introducing the idea of geologic, as opposed to geographic, mapping.

Furthermore, by linking stratigraphy with

paleontology, a new division of stratigraphy, was created known as biostratigraphy.

The ten strata systems that Geologists use

(Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic,

Cretaceous, and Tertiary)

compose the "standard geologic column" and are

claimed by many to contain the major proof of evolutionary theory.

Several erroneous notions have been attached to the

geologic column.

The following are the ten most common

misconceptions.On the following slides On the following slides

the 10 misconceptions are taken from:the 10 misconceptions are taken from:

IMPACT No. 137IMPACT No. 137

TEN MISCONCEPTIONS TEN MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT THE GEOLOGIC COLUMNABOUT THE GEOLOGIC COLUMN

By Steven A. Austin, Ph.D.By Steven A. Austin, Ph.D.

ICR , PO Box 2667, El Cajon, CA 92021ICR , PO Box 2667, El Cajon, CA 92021Voice: (619) 448-0900 FAX: (619) 448-3469Voice: (619) 448-0900 FAX: (619) 448-3469

November 1984November 1984Copyright © 1984 All Rights ReservedCopyright © 1984 All Rights Reserved

Misconception No. 1.

The geologic column was constructed by geologists who, because of the weight of

the evidence that they had found,

were convinced of the uniformitarian theory and

organic evolution.


The geologic column was constructed by geologists who, because of the weight of

the evidence that they had found,

were convinced of the uniformitarian theory and

organic evolution.

It may sound surprising, but the standard geologic column was devised before 1860 by catastrophists who were creationists.

Adam Sedgewick, Roderick Murchison, William Coneybeare, and others affirmed that the earth was formed largely by catastrophic processes, and that the earth and life were created.

It may sound surprising, but the standard geologic column was devised before 1860 by catastrophists who were creationists.

Adam Sedgewick, Roderick Murchison, William Coneybeare, and others affirmed that the earth was formed largely by catastrophic processes, and that the earth and life were created.

These men stood for careful empirical science and were not compelled to believe evolutionary speculation or side with uniformitarian theory.

Although most would be called progressive creationists" in today's terminology, they would not be pleased to see all the evolutionary baggage that has been loaded onto their classification of strata.

These men stood for careful empirical science and were not compelled to believe evolutionary speculation or side with uniformitarian theory.

Although most would be called progressive creationists" in today's terminology, they would not be pleased to see all the evolutionary baggage that has been loaded onto their classification of strata.


Geologists composed the geologic column by

assembling the "periods" and "eras" which they

had recognized.


Geologists composed the geologic column by

assembling the "periods" and "eras" which they

had recognized.

The geologic column was not composed by assembling a chronology of "periods“ or "eras" or other supposed measures of time, but by superposition of objectively defined sequences of sedimentary strata called "systems." The "periods" and "eras" were later appended to the system classification of the "geologic Column" transforming it into a "geologic time scale."

The geologic column was not composed by assembling a chronology of "periods“ or "eras" or other supposed measures of time, but by superposition of objectively defined sequences of sedimentary strata called "systems." The "periods" and "eras" were later appended to the system classification of the "geologic Column" transforming it into a "geologic time scale."

Misconception No. 3

The strata systems of

the geologic column are worldwide in their occurrence with

each strata system being present below any point

on the earth's surface.

Misconception No. 3

The strata systems of

the geologic column are worldwide in their occurrence with

each strata system being present below any point

on the earth's surface.

The notion that the earth's crust has an "onion

skin" structure with successive layers containing

all strata systems distributed on a global scale

is not an accurate representation

of what actually is found.

Its claims are not according to the facts.

The notion that the earth's crust has an "onion

skin" structure with successive layers containing

all strata systems distributed on a global scale

is not an accurate representation

of what actually is found.

Its claims are not according to the facts.

Data from continents and ocean basins show that the ten systems are poorly represented on a global scale: approximately 77% of the earth's surface area on land and under the sea has seven or more (70% or more) of the strata systems missing beneath;

Data from continents and ocean basins show that the ten systems are poorly represented on a global scale: approximately 77% of the earth's surface area on land and under the sea has seven or more (70% or more) of the strata systems missing beneath;

94% of the earth's surface has three or more

systems missing beneath; and an estimated 99.6%

has at least one missing system.

Only a few locations on earth (about 0.4% of its area)

have been described with

the succession of the ten systems beneath

(west Nepal, west Bolivia, and central Poland).

94% of the earth's surface has three or more

systems missing beneath; and an estimated 99.6%

has at least one missing system.

Only a few locations on earth (about 0.4% of its area)

have been described with

the succession of the ten systems beneath

(west Nepal, west Bolivia, and central Poland).

Even where the ten systems are present, geologists recognize individual systems to be incomplete.

The entire geologic column, composed of complete strata systems, exists only in the diagrams!

Even where the ten systems are present, geologists recognize individual systems to be incomplete.

The entire geologic column, composed of complete strata systems, exists only in the diagrams!

Misconception No. 4

Strata systems always occur in the order required by the geologic

column.

Misconception No. 4

Strata systems always occur in the order required by the geologic

column.

Locations are known where the order of the systems identified by

geologists does not match the order of the geologic column.

Locations are known where the order of the systems identified by

geologists does not match the order of the geologic column. Strata systems are believed in

some places to be inverted, repeated, or inserted where they

do not belong.

Overturning, overthrust faulting, or landsliding are frequently

maintained as disrupting the order.

In some locations such structural changes can be supported

by physical evidence while elsewhere physical evidence of the disruption may be

lacking and special pleading may be required using

fossils or radiometric dating.

In some locations such structural changes can be supported

by physical evidence while elsewhere physical evidence of the disruption may be

lacking and special pleading may be required using

fossils or radiometric dating.

Misconception No. 5

Because each strata system has

distinctive lithologic composition, a newly

discovered stratum can be assigned easily to its correct position

in the geologic column.

Misconception No. 5

Because each strata system has

distinctive lithologic composition, a newly

discovered stratum can be assigned easily to its correct position

in the geologic column.

Sandstone, limestone, dolomite, shale, chert, salt,

conglomerate, coal and other rock types are not diagnostic

of specific strata systems.

Therefore, a rock's physical appearance cannot, with with certaintycertainty, distinguish the

system or strata level to which a rock may belong.

Sandstone, limestone, dolomite, shale, chert, salt,

conglomerate, coal and other rock types are not diagnostic

of specific strata systems.

Therefore, a rock's physical appearance cannot, with with certaintycertainty, distinguish the

system or strata level to which a rock may belong.

Misconception No. 6

Fossils, especially the species distinctive of

specific systems, provide the most reliable method

of assigning strata to their level in the

geologic column.

Misconception No. 6

Fossils, especially the species distinctive of

specific systems, provide the most reliable method

of assigning strata to their level in the

geologic column.

Bed-to-bed comparison of strata to their "system type" area is the most reliable method of assigning strata to a

system.

The visual information from oil well drilling, seismic surveys, and

surface geologic mapping is of such character that visual

subsurface comparisons of stratigraphic units

of the thickness of systems is possible

on a continental scale.

Bed-to-bed comparison of strata to their "system type" area is the most reliable method of assigning strata to a

system.

The visual information from oil well drilling, seismic surveys, and

surface geologic mapping is of such character that visual

subsurface comparisons of stratigraphic units

of the thickness of systems is possible

on a continental scale.

Although some fossils appear to be distinctive of certain systems (most fossil taxa range through a few to

several systems), care must be exercised in comparison by

fossils.

First, the range of location of a fossil type within the layers of strata is always open to being

extended beyond its current limits as new fossils are discovered in

those layers.

Although some fossils appear to be distinctive of certain systems (most fossil taxa range through a few to

several systems), care must be exercised in comparison by

fossils.

First, the range of location of a fossil type within the layers of strata is always open to being

extended beyond its current limits as new fossils are discovered in

those layers.

Second, when an extension of a fossil's range may be required, geologists may call upon

erosion (reworking fossils into younger strata or leaking fossils into older strata) and structural

events (overturning or faulting strata &

fossils).

Second, when an extension of a fossil's range may be required, geologists may call upon

erosion (reworking fossils into younger strata or leaking fossils into older strata) and structural

events (overturning or faulting strata &

fossils).

An example of the first problem is the

monoplacophoran mollusk Pilina, which might otherwise be

considered diagnostic of the

Silurian System, except for the startling

discovery that Neopilina lives today, and,

therefore, would be expected in any system overlying the Silurian.

An example of the first problem is the

monoplacophoran mollusk Pilina, which might otherwise be

considered diagnostic of the

Silurian System, except for the startling

discovery that Neopilina lives today, and,

therefore, would be expected in any system overlying the Silurian.

Wikipedia still has this animal Wikipedia still has this animal classified as early Cambrian to classified as early Cambrian to

Devonian.Devonian.

Wikipedia still has this animal Wikipedia still has this animal classified as early Cambrian to classified as early Cambrian to

Devonian.Devonian.

For these reasons correlation by fossils must always remain tentative awaiting

further confirmatory evidence from lithostratigraphy.

We should look very skeptically at strata correlations

which rely solely on fossils.

For these reasons correlation by fossils must always remain tentative awaiting

further confirmatory evidence from lithostratigraphy.

We should look very skeptically at strata correlations

which rely solely on fossils.

Misconception No. 7

Sedimentary evidence proves that

periods of millions of years duration were required to deposit

individual strata systems.

Misconception No. 7

Sedimentary evidence proves that

periods of millions of years duration were required to deposit

individual strata systems.

Before radiometric dating was devised, uniformitarian geologists postulated "periods" of millions of years duration to slowly deposit

the strata systems.

A single sedimentary lamina, or bed, was supposed by

uniformitarian geologists to represent typically a year or many

years duration.

Before radiometric dating was devised, uniformitarian geologists postulated "periods" of millions of years duration to slowly deposit

the strata systems.

A single sedimentary lamina, or bed, was supposed by

uniformitarian geologists to represent typically a year or many

years duration.

It was concluded, therefore, that multiplied thousands of lamina

and beds superimposed required millions of years.

Recently, however, geologists have discovered that lamina and beds form quickly on floodplains

of rivers during floods, in shallow marine areas during

storms, and in deep water by turbidity currents.

It was concluded, therefore, that multiplied thousands of lamina

and beds superimposed required millions of years.

Recently, however, geologists have discovered that lamina and beds form quickly on floodplains

of rivers during floods, in shallow marine areas during

storms, and in deep water by turbidity currents.

The evidence of rapid sedimentation is now so

easily recognized that geologists observing a strata system these

days often ask where to insert the "missing time" of which the strata

do not show sedimentary evidence.

Catastrophism, quite naturally, is making a come-back.

The evidence of rapid sedimentation is now so

easily recognized that geologists observing a strata system these

days often ask where to insert the "missing time" of which the strata

do not show sedimentary evidence.

Catastrophism, quite naturally, is making a come-back.

There is good reason to believe that entire strata

systems, and even groups of systems,

were accumulated in a hydraulic cataclysm matching the description of Noah's Flood in

the Bible.

There is good reason to believe that entire strata

systems, and even groups of systems,

were accumulated in a hydraulic cataclysm matching the description of Noah's Flood in

the Bible.

Misconception No. 8

Radiometric dating can supply "absolute ages" in

millions of years with certainty to systems

of the geologic column.

Misconception No. 8

Radiometric dating can supply "absolute ages" in

millions of years with certainty to systems

of the geologic column.

Geologists and geochronologists assert that radiometric dating verifies that individual strata systems and their strata are

millions of years old.

When asked to document the most reliable radiometric age

dates, geologists usually point to isochronal and concordia plots which employ multiple isotopic analyses, which they claim will remove the effects of original

"contaminants," and display the "age" of a rock in graphical form.

Geologists and geochronologists assert that radiometric dating verifies that individual strata systems and their strata are

millions of years old.

When asked to document the most reliable radiometric age

dates, geologists usually point to isochronal and concordia plots which employ multiple isotopic analyses, which they claim will remove the effects of original

"contaminants," and display the "age" of a rock in graphical form.

However, we find geologists often reporting isochronal

plots which are discordant with the accepted

"ages" of strata systems.

Frequently, these discordant isochronal plots "date" strata

systems much older than even the accepted old ages customarily

assigned to the systems of the geologic column.

However, we find geologists often reporting isochronal

plots which are discordant with the accepted

"ages" of strata systems.

Frequently, these discordant isochronal plots "date" strata

systems much older than even the accepted old ages customarily

assigned to the systems of the geologic column.

Geologists should be asking which, if any, of the isochronal

plots should be accepted as "absolute ages," and if the discordances do not falsify the assumptions upon which

radiometric dating is based.

Geologists need to consider radiometric methods which indicate ages of thousands of years for strata systems, as well as general indicators

supporting young age.

Geologists should be asking which, if any, of the isochronal

plots should be accepted as "absolute ages," and if the discordances do not falsify the assumptions upon which

radiometric dating is based.

Geologists need to consider radiometric methods which indicate ages of thousands of years for strata systems, as well as general indicators

supporting young age.

Misconception No. 9

The environmental "pictures" assigned to certain portions of the

geologic column allow us to accurately visualize

what its "geologic ages" were like.

Misconception No. 9

The environmental "pictures" assigned to certain portions of the

geologic column allow us to accurately visualize

what its "geologic ages" were like.

Books, films and museum displays contain illustrations asking us to visualize what earlier "geologic

ages" were like. These "pictures" show supposed primitive earth

conditions, specific environments with sediments being slowly

deposited, inferred "transitional organisms" evolving toward familiar forms, and whole

communities of organisms "at home" with other organisms

absent.

Books, films and museum displays contain illustrations asking us to visualize what earlier "geologic

ages" were like. These "pictures" show supposed primitive earth

conditions, specific environments with sediments being slowly

deposited, inferred "transitional organisms" evolving toward familiar forms, and whole

communities of organisms "at home" with other organisms

absent.

Perhaps the most blatant environmental picture" has been assigned to lower Precambrian strata, formed when the earth supposedly had a reducing

atmosphere and an "organic soup" in which life evolved. Yet, geologists have yet to find

sedimentary evidence for the reducing atmosphere and the

soup. This reminds us that accepting

an environmental "picture" requires much

imagination from a meager supply of facts.

Perhaps the most blatant environmental picture" has been assigned to lower Precambrian strata, formed when the earth supposedly had a reducing

atmosphere and an "organic soup" in which life evolved. Yet, geologists have yet to find

sedimentary evidence for the reducing atmosphere and the

soup. This reminds us that accepting

an environmental "picture" requires much

imagination from a meager supply of facts.

Misconception No. 10

The geologic column and the positions of fossils

within the geologic column provide proof of

amoeba-to-man evolution.

Misconception No. 10

The geologic column and the positions of fossils

within the geologic column provide proof of

amoeba-to-man evolution.

All the animal phyla, including chordate fish, are now known as fossils in the

Cambrian System.

No ancestral forms can be found for the protozoa, arthropods, brachiopods,

mollusks, bryozoans, coelenterates, sponges, annelids,

echinoderms or chordates.

All the animal phyla, including chordate fish, are now known as fossils in the

Cambrian System.

No ancestral forms can be found for the protozoa, arthropods, brachiopods,

mollusks, bryozoans, coelenterates, sponges, annelids,

echinoderms or chordates.

These phyla appear in the fossil record fully formed and distinct,

in better agreement with the concept

of "multiple, abrupt beginnings" (creation) than with

the notion of "descent from a common ancestor" (evolution).

These phyla appear in the fossil record fully formed and distinct,

in better agreement with the concept

of "multiple, abrupt beginnings" (creation) than with

the notion of "descent from a common ancestor" (evolution).

1. R. Ritiand, "Historical development of the current understanding of

the geologic column: part II," Origins, Vol. 9, 1982, pp. 28-47.

2. Estimated by the author using data from J. Woodmorappe, "The

essential nonexistence of the evolutionary-uniformitarian geologic column: a quantitative assessment," Creation Res. Soc. Quarterly, Vol. 18, 1981, pp. 46-71.

3. D.V. Ager, The Nature of the Stratigraphical Record, 2nd ed. (New

York: John Wiley, 1981), P. 11.

4. C. Brooks, D.E. James and S.R. Hart, "Ancient lithosphere: its role in young continental volcanism," Science, Vol. 193, 1976, pp. 1086-1094.

5. R.V. Gentry, et al., "Radiohalos in coalified wood: new evidence relating to the time of uranium introduction and coalification," Science, Vol. 194, 1976, pp. 315-318.

6. S.A. Austin, "Did the early earth have a reducing atmosphere?" ICR Impact 109, July 1982, 4 pp.

1. R. Ritiand, "Historical development of the current understanding of

the geologic column: part II," Origins, Vol. 9, 1982, pp. 28-47.

2. Estimated by the author using data from J. Woodmorappe, "The

essential nonexistence of the evolutionary-uniformitarian geologic column: a quantitative assessment," Creation Res. Soc. Quarterly, Vol. 18, 1981, pp. 46-71.

3. D.V. Ager, The Nature of the Stratigraphical Record, 2nd ed. (New

York: John Wiley, 1981), P. 11.

4. C. Brooks, D.E. James and S.R. Hart, "Ancient lithosphere: its role in young continental volcanism," Science, Vol. 193, 1976, pp. 1086-1094.

5. R.V. Gentry, et al., "Radiohalos in coalified wood: new evidence relating to the time of uranium introduction and coalification," Science, Vol. 194, 1976, pp. 315-318.

6. S.A. Austin, "Did the early earth have a reducing atmosphere?" ICR Impact 109, July 1982, 4 pp.

REFERENCES

From where did the Earth’s strata and fossils come?

From where did the Earth’s strata and fossils come?

Given enough time, normalgeological occurrences will

account for all we find in thestrata of the Earth, including

their formation and the fossil record.

Evolution’s GeologicColumn = Man’s IdeaA global, catastrophic flood

destroyed the orderly infra-structure of the Earth, whileforming its current, chaotic

condition and the fossilrecord within the span

of one year.

Flood Geology = God’s Idea

Evolution’s Geologic Column

Flood Geologyor

Gradual Global ChangesEvolution’s Geologic

Column: Uniformitarianism

Immediate Global FloodingFlood Geology:Catastrophism

or

What are fossils? What are fossils?

A fossil is a remnant of a A fossil is a remnant of a biological or botanical organism biological or botanical organism (skeleton, leaf, even the skin of (skeleton, leaf, even the skin of

an animal) which has been an animal) which has been preserved by immediate burial preserved by immediate burial with sediment at the time of with sediment at the time of “death” or as the cause of “death” or as the cause of

“death” with extreme amounts of “death” with extreme amounts of pressure applied to the organism pressure applied to the organism

being buriedbeing buried.

What are fossils? What are fossils?

A fossil is a remnant of a A fossil is a remnant of a biological or botanical organism biological or botanical organism (skeleton, leaf, even the skin of (skeleton, leaf, even the skin of

an animal) which has been an animal) which has been preserved by immediate burial preserved by immediate burial with sediment at the time of with sediment at the time of “death” or as the cause of “death” or as the cause of

“death” with extreme amounts of “death” with extreme amounts of pressure applied to the organism pressure applied to the organism

being buriedbeing buried.


Mark Woodson


Terra Ceia, FL. 34520 (941)737-0279



Mark Woodson


Terra Ceia, FL. 34520 (941)737-0279



Mark Woodson


Terra Ceia, FL. 34520 (941)737-0279



Mark Woodson


Terra Ceia, FL. 34520 (941)737-0279



Mark Woodson


Terra Ceia, FL. 34520 (941)737-0279



Mark Woodson


Terra Ceia, FL. 34520 (941)737-0279


Claims of the Evolutionary Claims of the Evolutionary GeologyGeology


1. The strata of the earth were laid down layer 1. The strata of the earth were laid down layer upon upon layer over billions of years.layer over billions of years.1. The strata of the earth were laid down layer 1. The strata of the earth were laid down layer upon upon layer over billions of years.layer over billions of years.

2. Each stratum contains fossils indigenous to 2. Each stratum contains fossils indigenous to that era that era because each sedimentary layer because each sedimentary layer caused the caused the fossilization of the creatures fossilization of the creatures it contains and each it contains and each new layer contains new layer contains more advanced life forms more advanced life forms than than the last.the last.

2. Each stratum contains fossils indigenous to 2. Each stratum contains fossils indigenous to that era that era because each sedimentary layer because each sedimentary layer caused the caused the fossilization of the creatures fossilization of the creatures it contains and each it contains and each new layer contains new layer contains more advanced life forms more advanced life forms than than the last.the last.

3. Radiometric & other forms of dating prove an 3. Radiometric & other forms of dating prove an old old age age for earth’s strata.for earth’s strata.3. Radiometric & other forms of dating prove an 3. Radiometric & other forms of dating prove an old old age age for earth’s strata.for earth’s strata.

4. Uniformitarianism accounts for all geologic 4. Uniformitarianism accounts for all geologic formations & fossils.formations & fossils.

4. Uniformitarianism accounts for all geologic 4. Uniformitarianism accounts for all geologic formations & fossils.formations & fossils.

1. The strata of the 1. The strata of the earth earth were laid were laid down layer down layer upon upon layer over layer over billions of years.billions of years.

1. The strata of the 1. The strata of the earth earth were laid were laid down layer down layer upon upon layer over layer over billions of years.billions of years.





Evolutionary geologists claim that these Evolutionary geologists claim that these laminat lines are the result of yearly deposits laminat lines are the result of yearly deposits

of debris building up over billions of years. of debris building up over billions of years. Each of these lines are part of a group of lines Each of these lines are part of a group of lines

within a certain stratum.within a certain stratum.

Evolutionary geologists claim that these Evolutionary geologists claim that these laminat lines are the result of yearly deposits laminat lines are the result of yearly deposits

of debris building up over billions of years. of debris building up over billions of years. Each of these lines are part of a group of lines Each of these lines are part of a group of lines

within a certain stratum.within a certain stratum.

As mentioned earlier, while discussing geo-As mentioned earlier, while discussing geo-chronometers - about 3,650,000 tons of chronometers - about 3,650,000 tons of meteoric dust accumulates on the earth meteoric dust accumulates on the earth every year. Scientists claim that this is one every year. Scientists claim that this is one of the sources of the debris which formed of the sources of the debris which formed Earth’s strata. Other sources are recycled Earth’s strata. Other sources are recycled matter from seismic events, matter from seismic events, such as volcanoes, such as volcanoes, plate tectonics and plate tectonics and localized floods. localized floods. These events laidThese events laidsedimentary layerssedimentary layerswhich hardened overwhich hardened overtime and formed ourtime and formed ourstrata.strata.

As mentioned earlier, while discussing geo-As mentioned earlier, while discussing geo-chronometers - about 3,650,000 tons of chronometers - about 3,650,000 tons of meteoric dust accumulates on the earth meteoric dust accumulates on the earth every year. Scientists claim that this is one every year. Scientists claim that this is one of the sources of the debris which formed of the sources of the debris which formed Earth’s strata. Other sources are recycled Earth’s strata. Other sources are recycled matter from seismic events, matter from seismic events, such as volcanoes, such as volcanoes, plate tectonics and plate tectonics and localized floods. localized floods. These events laidThese events laidsedimentary layerssedimentary layerswhich hardened overwhich hardened overtime and formed ourtime and formed ourstrata.strata.

The biggest issues evolutionists must The biggest issues evolutionists must address by adopting this belief of stratum address by adopting this belief of stratum formation are:formation are:

1. Would it take billions of years of 1. Would it take billions of years of volcanoes, plate tectonics and localized volcanoes, plate tectonics and localized floods, to form the layers of sediments into floods, to form the layers of sediments into the strata we have the strata we have today?today?

2. Are there valid 2. Are there valid Geo-Chronometers Geo-Chronometers offering justificationoffering justification for their “billions of for their “billions of years” hypothesis? years” hypothesis?

The biggest issues evolutionists must The biggest issues evolutionists must address by adopting this belief of stratum address by adopting this belief of stratum formation are:formation are:

1. Would it take billions of years of 1. Would it take billions of years of volcanoes, plate tectonics and localized volcanoes, plate tectonics and localized floods, to form the layers of sediments into floods, to form the layers of sediments into the strata we have the strata we have today?today?

2. Are there valid 2. Are there valid Geo-Chronometers Geo-Chronometers offering justificationoffering justification for their “billions of for their “billions of years” hypothesis? years” hypothesis?

1. Why would it take billions of years of 1. Why would it take billions of years of volcanoes, plate tectonics and localized volcanoes, plate tectonics and localized floods, to form the layers of sediments into floods, to form the layers of sediments into the stratum we have today?the stratum we have today?

Truth is, many geologists know it would Truth is, many geologists know it would NOT take billions of years to form these NOT take billions of years to form these geologic formations. Geologists developed geologic formations. Geologists developed the geologic column as an arrangement of the geologic column as an arrangement of the Earth’s strata, according to the various the Earth’s strata, according to the various fossils which they contained. Because of fossils which they contained. Because of this, these strata are this, these strata are represented as forming represented as forming over the billions of years to over the billions of years to agre with biological evolution. agre with biological evolution.

1. Why would it take billions of years of 1. Why would it take billions of years of volcanoes, plate tectonics and localized volcanoes, plate tectonics and localized floods, to form the layers of sediments into floods, to form the layers of sediments into the stratum we have today?the stratum we have today?

Truth is, many geologists know it would Truth is, many geologists know it would NOT take billions of years to form these NOT take billions of years to form these geologic formations. Geologists developed geologic formations. Geologists developed the geologic column as an arrangement of the geologic column as an arrangement of the Earth’s strata, according to the various the Earth’s strata, according to the various fossils which they contained. Because of fossils which they contained. Because of this, these strata are this, these strata are represented as forming represented as forming over the billions of years to over the billions of years to agre with biological evolution. agre with biological evolution.

From the fossilsthey contain


from the stratathey are found in.from the strata

they are found in.

Geologist take dates for their strata . . .


Paleontologists take dates for their fossils . . .

Paleontologists take dates for their fossils . . .




they are found in.



Paleontologists take dates for their fossils.


Evolutionists

Evolutionists

ardently

ardently claim

claim

that this is

not

that this is not

circular

circular

reasoning!

reasoning!




they are found in.

Geologists take dates for their strata . . .

Geologists take dates for their strata . . .



So let’s look

again.

So let’s look

again.

from fossilsdates.

from fossilsdates.

from geologic dates.from geologic dates.

Geologic dates are obtained . . .

Geologic dates are obtained . . .

And, fossil dates are obtained . . .

And, fossil dates are obtained . . .

2. Geo-Chronometers offering proof of 2. Geo-Chronometers offering proof of billions of billions of years?years?

This will be discussed later . . .This will be discussed later . . .

2. Geo-Chronometers offering proof of 2. Geo-Chronometers offering proof of billions of billions of years?years?

This will be discussed later . . .This will be discussed later . . .

2. Each stratum contains fossils 2. Each stratum contains fossils indigenous to that era indigenous to that era

because because each sedimentary each sedimentary layer caused layer caused the the fossilization of the creatures fossilization of the creatures it it contains contains and each new layer and each new layer

contains more advanced life contains more advanced life forms than the last.forms than the last.

2. Each stratum contains fossils 2. Each stratum contains fossils indigenous to that era indigenous to that era

because because each sedimentary each sedimentary layer caused layer caused the the fossilization of the creatures fossilization of the creatures it it contains contains and each new layer and each new layer

contains more advanced life contains more advanced life forms than the last.forms than the last.



1.1. A smooth transition from simple to A smooth transition from simple to advanced life forms is not found in the advanced life forms is not found in the geological column.geological column.

2. Fossilization does not happen over 2. Fossilization does not happen over long periods of time – that would be long periods of time – that would be

decay.decay.

1.1. A smooth transition from simple to A smooth transition from simple to advanced life forms is not found in the advanced life forms is not found in the geological column.geological column.

2. Fossilization does not happen over 2. Fossilization does not happen over long periods of time – that would be long periods of time – that would be

decay.decay.

This smooth This smooth transition from transition from “simple” “simple” (by which (by which they could only mean they could only mean

smaller)smaller), to more , to more advanced advanced horses is horses is NOTNOT found found inin thisthis orderorder in the in the fossil record!fossil record!

This smooth This smooth transition from transition from “simple” “simple” (by which (by which they could only mean they could only mean

smaller)smaller), to more , to more advanced advanced horses is horses is NOTNOT found found inin thisthis orderorder in the in the fossil record!fossil record!

WaterWater

Soft Soft sedimentsediment

CompactedCompactedsedimentsediment

Meta- Meta-morphic morphic rockrock

WaterWater

Soft Soft sedimentsediment

CompactedCompactedsedimentsediment

Meta- Meta-morphic morphic rockrock

The previous method of The previous method of fossilizaton works for fossilizaton works for creatures who have a creatures who have a

hard exoskeleton, for soft hard exoskeleton, for soft bodied organisms bodied organisms

immediate burial is immediate burial is required.required.

The previous method of The previous method of fossilizaton works for fossilizaton works for creatures who have a creatures who have a

hard exoskeleton, for soft hard exoskeleton, for soft bodied organisms bodied organisms

immediate burial is immediate burial is required.required.

RememberRememberA fossil . . . has been A fossil . . . has been

preserved bypreserved by immediate immediate burialburial of sedimentof sediment at the at the time of death or as the time of death or as the

cause of death with cause of death with extreme amounts of extreme amounts of

pressure applied to the pressure applied to the organism being buried.organism being buried.


preserved bypreserved by immediate immediate burialburial of sedimentof sediment at the at the time of death or as the time of death or as the


pressure applied to the pressure applied to the organism being buried.organism being buried.

Bones of soft-bodied Bones of soft-bodied organisms may survive a organisms may survive a

slow burial and fossilization, slow burial and fossilization, but that is because bones but that is because bones

and teeth are already and teeth are already partially mineralized while partially mineralized while

the creature was alive. the creature was alive. However, this method tells However, this method tells us little about the organism us little about the organism and usually the bones are and usually the bones are scattered by scavengers.scattered by scavengers.

Bones of soft-bodied Bones of soft-bodied organisms may survive a organisms may survive a

slow burial and fossilization, slow burial and fossilization, but that is because bones but that is because bones

and teeth are already and teeth are already partially mineralized while partially mineralized while

the creature was alive. the creature was alive. However, this method tells However, this method tells us little about the organism us little about the organism and usually the bones are and usually the bones are scattered by scavengers.scattered by scavengers.

There are over 20 differing versions There are over 20 differing versions of the geologic column. of the geologic column.

None of which can None of which can actually be found anywhere on Earth. actually be found anywhere on Earth.

These columns These columns differ in stratum arrangements as well differ in stratum arrangements as well

as fossil placement.as fossil placement.

There are over 20 differing versions There are over 20 differing versions of the geologic column. of the geologic column.

None of which can None of which can actually be found anywhere on Earth. actually be found anywhere on Earth.

These columns These columns differ in stratum arrangements as well differ in stratum arrangements as well

as fossil placement.as fossil placement.

Ager stated that,Ager stated that,

“ “We are only kidding ourselves if we think We are only kidding ourselves if we think that we have anything like a complete that we have anything like a complete succession for any part of the strati succession for any part of the strati graphical column in any one place.” graphical column in any one place.” In, Creation Research Society Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 1, June 1981, pp. 46-71. In, Creation Research Society Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 1, June 1981, pp. 46-71.

Ager stated that,Ager stated that,

“ “We are only kidding ourselves if we think We are only kidding ourselves if we think that we have anything like a complete that we have anything like a complete succession for any part of the strati succession for any part of the strati graphical column in any one place.” graphical column in any one place.” In, Creation Research Society Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 1, June 1981, pp. 46-71. In, Creation Research Society Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 1, June 1981, pp. 46-71.

3. Radiometric & other 3. Radiometric & other forms of dating prove forms of dating prove

an an old age for earth’s old age for earth’s strata.strata.

3. Radiometric & other 3. Radiometric & other forms of dating prove forms of dating prove

an an old age for earth’s old age for earth’s strata.strata.



What is Radiometric Dating?

What is Radiometric Dating?Radiometric dating is

a term used for a grouping of tests, utilized by evolutionary scientists, in

Radiometric dating is a term used for a grouping of tests, utilized by evolutionary scientists, inan attempt to establish a likely date

of death, burial, petrifaction, stratification and/or fossilization for either organic or inorganic things.

an attempt to establish a likely date of death, burial, petrifaction, stratification and/or fossilization for either organic or inorganic things.

1. Carbon14 or C14 dating.

2. Uranium - Lead, Potassium - Argon,

Rubidium - Strontium, Thorium - Protactinium

Lead - Lead . . .etc.

1. Carbon14 or C14 dating.

2. Uranium - Lead, Potassium - Argon,

Rubidium - Strontium, Thorium - Protactinium

Lead - Lead . . .etc.

The following list is of the more well-known radiometric dating

methods:

The following list is of the more well-known radiometric dating

methods:

1. C14 dating created by W.F. Libby is based on

evolutionary assumptions which cause miscalculations.

1. C14 dating created by W.F. Libby is based on

evolutionary assumptions which cause miscalculations.

Libby’s formula was based on the presupposition that the

atmosphere had already reached a state of complete C14

saturation.

Meaning that the earth was losing as much C14 due to

radioactive decay as it was gaining new C14 in the

upper atmosphere.

Libby’s formula was based on the presupposition that the

atmosphere had already reached a state of complete C14

saturation.

Meaning that the earth was losing as much C14 due to

radioactive decay as it was gaining new C14 in the

upper atmosphere.

Libby had calculated that the earth should reach the state of C14 saturation 30-50 thousand years

following it’s natural production in our atmosphere.

Since he also “knew” the earth to be much older than this, he

created a formula which conformed to those parameters.

Libby had calculated that the earth should reach the state of C14 saturation 30-50 thousand years

following it’s natural production in our atmosphere.

Since he also “knew” the earth to be much older than this, he

created a formula which conformed to those parameters.

Now, Carbon-14, is a radioactive isotope of carbon discovered

February 27, 1940, by Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben.

Its Nucleus contains 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

Its presence in organic materials is used in radiocarbon

dating.

Now, Carbon-14, is a radioactive isotope of carbon discovered

February 27, 1940, by Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben.

Its Nucleus contains 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

Its presence in organic materials is used in radiocarbon

dating.

It occurs naturally and has a relative abundance up to 0.00000000012%. That is

approximately 1 atmospheric atom of Carbon 14 to every 1

trillion atmospheric atoms.

The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years.

It decays into nitrogen-14 through beta-decay.

It occurs naturally and has a relative abundance up to 0.00000000012%. That is

approximately 1 atmospheric atom of Carbon 14 to every 1

trillion atmospheric atoms.

The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years.

It decays into nitrogen-14 through beta-decay.

Carbon-14 is produced in the upper layers of the troposphere and the stratosphere by thermal neutrons absorbed by

nitrogen atoms.

Carbon-14 is produced in the upper layers of the troposphere and the stratosphere by thermal neutrons absorbed by

nitrogen atoms.

The only things which can be carbon 14 dated are biological

or botanical matter or things formed by these –

such as coal, which is formed by plant

matter.

The only things which can be carbon 14 dated are biological

or botanical matter or things formed by these –

such as coal, which is formed by plant

matter.

This is because carbon 14 is a gas and is literally

“breathed-in” by plants, animals and humans.

Rocks don’t breath and liquids do not

retain gasses for long periods of time so C14 dating does not work

for these items.

This is because carbon 14 is a gas and is literally

“breathed-in” by plants, animals and humans.

Rocks don’t breath and liquids do not

retain gasses for long periods of time so C14 dating does not work

for these items.

The only way this could be measured in order to obtain a date is to have a constant.

In this case, the constant MUST be a constant amount

of C14 in the atmosphere which does not increase or

decrease.

The only way this could be measured in order to obtain a date is to have a constant.

In this case, the constant MUST be a constant amount

of C14 in the atmosphere which does not increase or

decrease.

This would allow us to measure the amount of C14 still present in remains

against that in the atmosphere.

This would allow us to measure the amount of C14 still present in remains

against that in the atmosphere.

Using this figure against the decay rate of

C14 offers a reliable date of death – but only if the atmosphere has reached a state of equilibrium concerning C14

saturation.

Using this figure against the decay rate of

C14 offers a reliable date of death – but only if the atmosphere has reached a state of equilibrium concerning C14

saturation.

For evolutionists there is a perceived second

problem - the organism tested has to have died no more than 100,000 years

ago, because current instruments cannot detect

C14 in very low concentrations, which is what you would

have IF the remains were that old.

For evolutionists there is a perceived second

problem - the organism tested has to have died no more than 100,000 years

ago, because current instruments cannot detect

C14 in very low concentrations, which is what you would

have IF the remains were that old.

This presents a genuine problem for evolutionists because C14 is

measurable and in the same concentration throughout the

entire coal seam dated by geology as 30-300 million

years ago!

This presents a genuine problem for evolutionists because C14 is

measurable and in the same concentration throughout the

entire coal seam dated by geology as 30-300 million

years ago!

Diamonds are usually said to be the oldest of formations on

earth. Yet they contain

measurable amounts of Carbon 14!

Diamonds are usually said to be the oldest of formations on

earth. Yet they contain

measurable amounts of Carbon 14!

Now, due to the density and hardness of diamonds, they are

nearly impossible to contaminate with outside elements

meaning that these “oldest” of precious stones, are

younger than 100,000 years at most!

Now, due to the density and hardness of diamonds, they are

nearly impossible to contaminate with outside elements

meaning that these “oldest” of precious stones, are

younger than 100,000 years at most!

Lee, Robert E., in an article called, “Radiocarbon, Ages in Error”

“The troubles of the radiocarbon dating method are undeniably deep

and serious. Despite 35 years of technological refinement and better

understanding, the underlying assumptions have been strongly challenged, and warnings

are out that radiocarbon may soon find itself in a crisis

situation.”

Lee, Robert E., in an article called, “Radiocarbon, Ages in Error”

“The troubles of the radiocarbon dating method are undeniably deep

and serious. Despite 35 years of technological refinement and better

understanding, the underlying assumptions have been strongly challenged, and warnings

are out that radiocarbon may soon find itself in a crisis

situation.”

“Continuing use of the method depends on a “fix-it-as-we-go”

approach, allowing for contamination here, fractionation there, and

calibration whenever possible. It should be no surprise, then, that fully half of the dates are

rejected. The wonder is, surely, that the

remaining half come to be accepted.”

“Continuing use of the method depends on a “fix-it-as-we-go”

approach, allowing for contamination here, fractionation there, and

calibration whenever possible. It should be no surprise, then, that fully half of the dates are

rejected. The wonder is, surely, that the

remaining half come to be accepted.”

The following are some examples of Carbon 14 dating which are FAR FAR MOREMORE common than

evolutionary geologists would like you to think.

The following are some examples of Carbon 14 dating which are FAR FAR MOREMORE common than

evolutionary geologists would like you to think.

1) Coal from Russia was said to be 300 million years old, however, tests yielded a date of 1,680 years old. A mere 299,998,320 year difference.

2) Natural gas from Alabama, supposedly from the Cretaceous Period (50 million years old), when C14 dated, showed an age of 30,000 years.

1) Coal from Russia was said to be 300 million years old, however, tests yielded a date of 1,680 years old. A mere 299,998,320 year difference.

2) Natural gas from Alabama, supposedly from the Cretaceous Period (50 million years old), when C14 dated, showed an age of 30,000 years.

3) Another natural gas sample from Mississippi, dated by geologists as being from the Eocene period 135 million years old, dated as only

34,000 years by C14 dating.

4) A Sabre-toothed tiger from the La Brea tar pits geologically dated @ 100,000 million years old and by C14 dating gave an age of only 28,000 years.

3) Another natural gas sample from Mississippi, dated by geologists as being from the Eocene period 135 million years old, dated as only

34,000 years by C14 dating.

4) A Sabre-toothed tiger from the La Brea tar pits geologically dated @ 100,000 million years old and by C14 dating gave an age of only 28,000 years.

5) A freshly killed seal showed that it had died 1,300 years ago.

6) Living mollusk shells were dated at 2,300 years.

7) Living snails showed death dates of 27,000 years ago.

5) A freshly killed seal showed that it had died 1,300 years ago.

6) Living mollusk shells were dated at 2,300 years.

7) Living snails showed death dates of 27,000 years ago.

“No matter how ‘useful’ it is, though, the radiocarbon method is still not capable of yielding accurate and reliable results.

There are gross discrepancies, the

chronology is uneven and relative, and the accepted dates

are actually selected dates.”

Lee, Robert E., in an article called, “Radiocarbon, Ages in Error” Anthropological Journal of Canada, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1981, pp. 9, 29 (Assistant

Editor)

“No matter how ‘useful’ it is, though, the radiocarbon method is still not capable of yielding accurate and reliable results.

There are gross discrepancies, the

chronology is uneven and relative, and the accepted dates

are actually selected dates.”

Lee, Robert E., in an article called, “Radiocarbon, Ages in Error” Anthropological Journal of Canada, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1981, pp. 9, 29 (Assistant

Editor)

2. Uranium - Lead Potassium - Argon, Rubidium - Strontium,

Thorium - Protactinium . . . etc.

2. Uranium - Lead Potassium - Argon, Rubidium - Strontium,

Thorium - Protactinium . . . etc.

All of these have severe mathematical errors and reflect evolutionary bias.

What are Potassium Argon & Uranium Lead dating?

Both are quite similar to the C14 dating method, only they utilize some

different elements to do the same thing.

These other methods are important because C14 dating only works on once living biological or botanical matter, or trapped natural gasses, where as Potassium-Argon

and Uranium-Lead methods are used for

dating rock sediments.

What are Potassium Argon & Uranium Lead dating?

Both are quite similar to the C14 dating method, only they utilize some

different elements to do the same thing.

These other methods are important because C14 dating only works on once living biological or botanical matter, or trapped natural gasses, where as Potassium-Argon

and Uranium-Lead methods are used for

dating rock sediments.

Assumptions of Radiometric Dating

1. It’s a Closed System.

2. No original “daughter” atoms were present.In the case of Potassium-Argon

dating it is important than no original Argon-40 was in the sedimentary rock previous

to the decay of Potassium-40.

This would cause much older dates to be detected than actually occurred.

Assumptions of Radiometric Dating

1. It’s a Closed System.

2. No original “daughter” atoms were present.In the case of Potassium-Argon

dating it is important than no original Argon-40 was in the sedimentary rock previous

to the decay of Potassium-40.

This would cause much older dates to be detected than actually occurred.

3. No Laboratory errors.

4. No variations from the same sample.

5. Results have not been altered due to the presence of pressure or heat.

3. No Laboratory errors.

4. No variations from the same sample.

5. Results have not been altered due to the presence of pressure or heat.

What’s Wrong with These Forms of Dating?

Potassium-Argon dating relies upon the presence of

igneous rocks (cooled, molten rock) or volcanic ash in the

stratum directly above the fossils. This is interesting in that scientists admit that the presence of intense

heat during the fossilization process will cause major

miscalculations in the fossil date.

What’s Wrong with These Forms of Dating?

Potassium-Argon dating relies upon the presence of

igneous rocks (cooled, molten rock) or volcanic ash in the

stratum directly above the fossils. This is interesting in that scientists admit that the presence of intense

heat during the fossilization process will cause major

miscalculations in the fossil date.

Some of Potassium-Argon and Uranium-Lead embarrassing dates.

1)Tree roots in Grande Prairie, Alberta, Canada,

were fossilized in seconds in 1973 when a high voltage power line fell to the ground. When scientists where asked what the result of Potassium-Argon testing these roots would be, they said, the tests would show them to be millions of years old, due to the intense heat involved in their petrification process.11

Some of Potassium-Argon and Uranium-Lead embarrassing dates.

1)Tree roots in Grande Prairie, Alberta, Canada,

were fossilized in seconds in 1973 when a high voltage power line fell to the ground. When scientists where asked what the result of Potassium-Argon testing these roots would be, they said, the tests would show them to be millions of years old, due to the intense heat involved in their petrification process.11

2) Hawaiian Lava flows, known to be less than 200 years old, were dated at 3 billion years old by Potassium-Argon dating!12

3) The famous Australopithecus found in Ethiopia, Potassium-Argon dated at approximately 2 million years old. When mammal bones where C14 tested within the same deposit, instead of

acquiring a date of 50,000 yrs., which is the top end of the C14 method,

it offered a date of 15,500 years.13

2) Hawaiian Lava flows, known to be less than 200 years old, were dated at 3 billion years old by Potassium-Argon dating!12

3) The famous Australopithecus found in Ethiopia, Potassium-Argon dated at approximately 2 million years old. When mammal bones where C14 tested within the same deposit, instead of

acquiring a date of 50,000 yrs., which is the top end of the C14 method,

it offered a date of 15,500 years.13

Claims of the Evolutionary Claims of the Evolutionary Geologic ColumnGeologic Column

Claims of the Evolutionary Claims of the Evolutionary Geologic ColumnGeologic Column

4. Uniformitarianism 4. Uniformitarianism accounts for all accounts for all

geologic geologic formations & formations & fossils.fossils.

4. Uniformitarianism 4. Uniformitarianism accounts for all accounts for all

geologic geologic formations & formations & fossils.fossils.

Modern seismic events Modern seismic events fail to fail to

demonstrate that long demonstrate that long periods of time are periods of time are

necessary to form: necessary to form:• Fossils Fossils

• Large geologic formationsLarge geologic formations

• StratificationStratification

• Petrification Petrification

• . . . or any other major geologic . . . or any other major geologic changes.changes.


Mark Woodson


Terra Ceia, FL. 34520 (941)737-0279



Mark Woodson


Terra Ceia, FL. 34520 (941)737-0279


Claims of Flood GeologyClaims of Flood GeologyClaims of Flood GeologyClaims of Flood Geology

1. The strata of the earth were laid down 1. The strata of the earth were laid down quickly quickly during the global flood mentioned during the global flood mentioned in thein the Bible.Bible.

1. The strata of the earth were laid down 1. The strata of the earth were laid down quickly quickly during the global flood mentioned during the global flood mentioned in thein the Bible.Bible.

2. Flood geology explains why we find what 2. Flood geology explains why we find what we we actually find in the geologic actually find in the geologic column.column.

2. Flood geology explains why we find what 2. Flood geology explains why we find what we we actually find in the geologic actually find in the geologic column.column.

3. Young earth known by presence of 3. Young earth known by presence of Pleochroic Pleochroic halos in the granites of the halos in the granites of the Earth.Earth.

3. Young earth known by presence of 3. Young earth known by presence of Pleochroic Pleochroic halos in the granites of the halos in the granites of the Earth.Earth.

4. Catastrophism explains the creation of 4. Catastrophism explains the creation of geological geological formations.formations.4. Catastrophism explains the creation of 4. Catastrophism explains the creation of geological geological formations.formations.

Claims of the Flood GeologyClaims of the Flood GeologyClaims of the Flood GeologyClaims of the Flood Geology

1. The strata of the earth were laid 1. The strata of the earth were laid down quickly during the global down quickly during the global flood mentioned in the Bible.flood mentioned in the Bible.

& &

1. The strata of the earth were laid 1. The strata of the earth were laid down quickly during the global down quickly during the global flood mentioned in the Bible.flood mentioned in the Bible.

& &

4. Catastrophism explains the 4. Catastrophism explains the creation of geological creation of geological

formations.formations.

4. Catastrophism explains the 4. Catastrophism explains the creation of geological creation of geological

formations.formations.

Mt. Saint Helens offered us a unique chance to test flood geology in

action

Mt. Saint Helens offered us a unique chance to test flood geology in

action

Among the last pictures ever taken of Mt. Saint Helens – the morning of May

18, 1980

Among the last pictures ever taken of Mt. Saint Helens – the morning of May

18, 1980

Steam blast March 1980.Steam blast March 1980.

Subsequent volcanic ash eruptionsin March and April.

Subsequent volcanic ash eruptionsin March and April.

Northern Slope Undulating & SwellingNorthern Slope Undulating & Swelling

This photograph shows the directions of geological shifting, plus the conditions just

prior to eruption.

This photograph shows the directions of geological shifting, plus the conditions just

prior to eruption.

Landslide material stripped these trees and washed them down into

Spirit Lake

Landslide material stripped these trees and washed them down into

Spirit Lake

Landslide into Spirit LakeLandslide into Spirit Lake

An entire forest of trees like toothpicks all over the lake and surrounding area.An entire forest of trees like toothpicks all over the lake and surrounding area.

Spirit Lake after the landslideSpirit Lake after the landslide

These are some of the trees washed out into Spirit LakeThese are some of the trees washed out into Spirit Lake

Many, many trees were washed out into Spirit Lake.

Many, many trees were washed out into Spirit Lake.

. . . and more trees! . . . and more trees!

Production of a Log MatProduction of a Log Mat

Movement of Log MatMovement of Log Mat

In the Morning Two hours later

Examination of the progression of the catastrophe.

Examination of the progression of the catastrophe.

This is stage 1This is stage 1

One or two seconds into the landslide event.

Landslide and beginning of the steam blast

Landslide and beginning of the steam blast

This is a diagram of the 3

stages of

mountain

debris.

This is a diagram of the 3

stages of

mountain

debris.

A few seconds later onto stage two.A few seconds later onto stage two.

Still less than a minute later it is onto the 3rd stage.

Still less than a minute later it is onto the 3rd stage.

Above 3rd stage.Above 3rd stage.

This is just the first few seconds of the eruption.This is just the first few seconds of the eruption.

This is an aerial shot of the eruption, during its first few seconds.This is an aerial shot of the eruption, during its first few seconds.

This is an Satellite shot 43 minutes after the eruption.

This is an Satellite shot 43 minutes after the eruption.

In the afternoon.In the afternoon.

A City in WashingtonA City in Washington

This is an outline of the original summit.This is an outline of the original summit.

This is close-up of the outline the summit.This is close-up of the outline the summit.

Overview of the altered terrain.Overview of the altered terrain.

The Day AfterThe Day After

Harry TruemanHarry Trueman

Car DamageCar Damage

Bow Your heavens, O LORD, and come down: touch the mountains, and they will smoke. Psalm 144:5

Bow Your heavens, O LORD, and come down: touch the mountains, and they will smoke. Psalm 144:5

After 9 hours of seismic events Mt. Saint Helens resembles a 1/40th scale model of the Grand Canyon!

After 9 hours of seismic events Mt. Saint Helens resembles a 1/40th scale model of the Grand Canyon!

Following the May 18th eruption of 1980, there were five subsequent eruptions that year plus a

large seismic event worthy of note on March 19th 1982.

Each was preceded by distinctbursts of seismic activity (harmonic tremor).

May 25th June 12th July 22nd

August 7th October 16th

March 19th 1982

For our purposes we will only be looking closely at three of them. Those of May 18th & June 12th 1980, and that of

March 19th 1982.

Following the May 18th eruption of 1980, there were five subsequent eruptions that year plus a

large seismic event worthy of note on March 19th 1982.

Each was preceded by distinctbursts of seismic activity (harmonic tremor).

May 25th June 12th July 22nd

August 7th October 16th

March 19th 1982

For our purposes we will only be looking closely at three of them. Those of May 18th & June 12th 1980, and that of

March 19th 1982.

The following are just a few of the astounding geological alterations which were made by there separate seismic events all of which when added together took less than a few days.

The following are just a few of the astounding geological alterations which were made by there separate seismic events all of which when added together took less than a few days.

Some Before and After Pictures of the Forests.Some Before and After Pictures of the Forests.

Complete Destruction of Forests.Complete Destruction of Forests.

Complete Destruction of Forests.Complete Destruction of Forests.

In ascending order there were three separate flows which

left these deposits.

The first is the air fall deposit from the May 18th eruption of

1980.

The second, is the Pyroclastic or Pumice flow deposit from

the June 12th, 1980

The third, is the Mudflow deposit of March 19th, 1982.

In ascending order there were three separate flows which

left these deposits.

The first is the air fall deposit from the May 18th eruption of

1980.

The second, is the Pyroclastic or Pumice flow deposit from

the June 12th, 1980

The third, is the Mudflow deposit of March 19th, 1982.

May 18th 1980May 18th 1980

The air fall deposit of May 18th,1980 was laid down as a

result of the major eruption of volcanic ash.

The air fall deposit of May 18th,1980 was laid down as a

result of the major eruption of volcanic ash.

The ash spewed from the mountain for 9 hours in a

huge ongoing eruption depositing, in some areas up to 100’ of air fall material in

layered strata formation.

The ash spewed from the mountain for 9 hours in a

huge ongoing eruption depositing, in some areas up to 100’ of air fall material in

layered strata formation.

As these photos graphically demonstrate, there were some

areas close to the mountain where the landslide material covered the terrain in 100’ of dirt and ash first, only to be

covered by an additional 100’ of air fall ash, leaving a total of 200’ of deposit just from

the eruption of May 18th.

As these photos graphically demonstrate, there were some

areas close to the mountain where the landslide material covered the terrain in 100’ of dirt and ash first, only to be

covered by an additional 100’ of air fall ash, leaving a total of 200’ of deposit just from

the eruption of May 18th.

Steam Explosion PitSteam Explosion Pit

There were secondary steam explosions caused by the glacier summit ice cap being immediately buried under 550 degrees of

volcanic ash. It actually took 5 days for this ice to escape as steam which formed

enormous steam explosion pits near the south west corner of Spirit Lake.

Some of the fantastic aspects of this event was the rapid formation of reel and gully

topography. These pits are125’ deep, 2,300’ long and 1,000’ wide. After settling, the pit is now 100’ deep with 25’ of ash deposits filling

the bottom.

There were secondary steam explosions caused by the glacier summit ice cap being immediately buried under 550 degrees of

volcanic ash. It actually took 5 days for this ice to escape as steam which formed

enormous steam explosion pits near the south west corner of Spirit Lake.

Some of the fantastic aspects of this event was the rapid formation of reel and gully

topography. These pits are125’ deep, 2,300’ long and 1,000’ wide. After settling, the pit is now 100’ deep with 25’ of ash deposits filling

the bottom.

Steam Explosion PitSteam Explosion Pit

This reverse angled picture was taken in June after cooling and shows the pit now

containing 25’ of deposit.

This topography has many features in common with the badlands of South

Dakota or the desert terrain in the South West United States.

Evolutionary Geology teaches that only hundreds of thousands of years of reel and

gully erosion can form this topography. Yet it happened before our eyes quickly

(within 5 days) by steam pressure opening a hole into which deposits fell by gravity.

This reverse angled picture was taken in June after cooling and shows the pit now

containing 25’ of deposit.

This topography has many features in common with the badlands of South

Dakota or the desert terrain in the South West United States.

Evolutionary Geology teaches that only hundreds of thousands of years of reel and

gully erosion can form this topography. Yet it happened before our eyes quickly

(within 5 days) by steam pressure opening a hole into which deposits fell by gravity.

The June 12th eruption (which was the third eruption) was almost entirely a magmatic

eruption.

Now Magmatic eruptions are lacking in high silica and water content and are not explosive.

This eruption flowed out onto the earth’s surface as a lava flow at about 140 miles per

hour.

The June 12th eruption (which was the third eruption) was almost entirely a magmatic

eruption.

Now Magmatic eruptions are lacking in high silica and water content and are not explosive.

This eruption flowed out onto the earth’s surface as a lava flow at about 140 miles per

hour.

Pumice is a unique product of magmatic eruptions. It is

a frothy volcanic rock formed by the expansion of

gases such as steam in erupting lava. Because it is laced with bubbles, it can

be very light and even float on water. It can have so many bubbles, it will be

mere froth. It’s heat, density and force driving the eruption can cause

many different degrees of destruction from very little

to catastrophic.

Pumice is a unique product of magmatic eruptions. It is

a frothy volcanic rock formed by the expansion of

gases such as steam in erupting lava. Because it is laced with bubbles, it can

be very light and even float on water. It can have so many bubbles, it will be

mere froth. It’s heat, density and force driving the eruption can cause

many different degrees of destruction from very little

to catastrophic.

On June 12th, 1980, hurricane velocity (2x’s highway speed)

surging pryoclastic flows deposited 25’ of minutely layered

strata in hours.

It was thought that such a flow would leave behind a

homogenized mess of hardened material, but instead thinly

layered strata were laid down!

On June 12th, 1980, hurricane velocity (2x’s highway speed)

surging pryoclastic flows deposited 25’ of minutely layered

strata in hours.

It was thought that such a flow would leave behind a

homogenized mess of hardened material, but instead thinly

layered strata were laid down!

Over the years, several lava domes have formed on Mt. Saint Helens. These lava domes were formed by lava being forced up the neck of the volcano like toothpaste from a tube. As it oozed out and was exposed to the atmosphere, it cooled, cracked and settled into previous cracks in the surface forming this dome.

Over the years, several lava domes have formed on Mt. Saint Helens. These lava domes were formed by lava being forced up the neck of the volcano like toothpaste from a tube. As it oozed out and was exposed to the atmosphere, it cooled, cracked and settled into previous cracks in the surface forming this dome.

Arial ViewsArial Views

October 10th 1980October 10th 1980

Steam and ash plume rises over Mount St. Helens' east crater rim. This is the calm before the storm. The eruption occurred 6 days later.USGS Photograph taken on October 10, 1980, by Lyn Topinka.

Steam and ash plume rises over Mount St. Helens' east crater rim. This is the calm before the storm. The eruption occurred 6 days later.USGS Photograph taken on October 10, 1980, by Lyn Topinka.

October 18th 1980October 18th 1980

On October 18, 1980 following the eruption of the 16th, a new dome started growing. This dome was 112 feet high and 985 feet wide, making it taller than a nine-story building and wider than the length of three football fields. This aerial view is from the north. This dome was not the first dome to grow in the crater. In June and August 1980, two domes formed, only to be blasted away by the explosive events of July 22 and October 16. USGS Photograph taken on October 24, 1980, by Terry Leighley, Scandia Labs.

On October 18, 1980 following the eruption of the 16th, a new dome started growing. This dome was 112 feet high and 985 feet wide, making it taller than a nine-story building and wider than the length of three football fields. This aerial view is from the north. This dome was not the first dome to grow in the crater. In June and August 1980, two domes formed, only to be blasted away by the explosive events of July 22 and October 16. USGS Photograph taken on October 24, 1980, by Terry Leighley, Scandia Labs.

The lava dome is 1,000’ high and a few thousand feet in diameter (taller than a 30 story building).

It acts like a liquid cork which solidifies, and thus bottles up the neck of the volcano.

There have been 6 lava domes which have built up since 1980.

The lava dome is 1,000’ high and a few thousand feet in diameter (taller than a 30 story building).

It acts like a liquid cork which solidifies, and thus bottles up the neck of the volcano.

There have been 6 lava domes which have built up since 1980.

For two years the whole upper drainage basin of the Toutle River remained blocked by 3/8ths of a cubic mile of landslide

material from the initial moments of May 18th effectively damming it up and cutting it off from the Pacific Ocean.

The blockage was then removed by a subsequent mud flow on March 19th 1982.

For two years the whole upper drainage basin of the Toutle River remained blocked by 3/8ths of a cubic mile of landslide

material from the initial moments of May 18th effectively damming it up and cutting it off from the Pacific Ocean.

The blockage was then removed by a subsequent mud flow on March 19th 1982.

An explosive eruption on March 19, 1982, sent pumice and ash 9 miles into the air, and resulted in a lahar (the dark

deposit on the snow) flowing from the crater into the North Fork Toutle River valley.

Part of the lahar entered Spirit Lake (lower left corner) but most of the flow went west down the Toutle River, breeching the blockage and eventually reaching the Cowlitz River, 50

miles downstream.

An explosive eruption on March 19, 1982, sent pumice and ash 9 miles into the air, and resulted in a lahar (the dark

deposit on the snow) flowing from the crater into the North Fork Toutle River valley.

Part of the lahar entered Spirit Lake (lower left corner) but most of the flow went west down the Toutle River, breeching the blockage and eventually reaching the Cowlitz River, 50

miles downstream.

This mudflow very quickly gouged out canyons with tree branching drainage patterns of incredible complexity.

Part of the drainage basin formed in the Spirit Lake area. These newly formed canyons include a complexity of

features such as a flat gully-headed side canyon, a cup-shaped side canyon, and a snaking pattern.

This mudflow very quickly gouged out canyons with tree branching drainage patterns of incredible complexity.

Part of the drainage basin formed in the Spirit Lake area. These newly formed canyons include a complexity of

features such as a flat gully-headed side canyon, a cup-shaped side canyon, and a snaking pattern.

A system of 5 canyons come together here some of which are over 100’ deep and was all essentially done in a single day.




All of these laminate lines are supposed to take at lest one year each to form,

and these all formed in hours!

All of these laminate lines are supposed to take at lest one year each to form,


All of these laminate lines are supposed to

take at lest one year each to form,











Another catastrophic result of the mudflow.

Mud Flow Markers

Middle of Mud Flow Edge of Mud Flow

Another catastrophic result of the mudflow.

Mud Flow Markers


Mud Flow Markers


Mud Flow Markers


This valley was filled ¼ mile wide to 30’ deep in mud scouring the entire area down to bedrock.

By the time the mudflow subsided it deposited 15’ of mud sediment.

Another interesting outcome of the Mt. Saint Helens eruptions has been both the complete and partial

validation of hypothesis’ held by Flood Geologists as to the formation of Fossil Forests and coal beds.

Another interesting outcome of the Mt. Saint Helens eruptions has been both the complete and partial

validation of hypothesis’ held by Flood Geologists as to the formation of Fossil Forests and coal beds.

Steven Austin had speculated that an event such as those which washed the forest into Spirit lake, might produce, fossilized forests, non-indigenous fossilized forests and

peat for natural coal production.

Steven Austin had speculated that an event such as those which washed the forest into Spirit lake, might produce, fossilized forests, non-indigenous fossilized forests and

peat for natural coal production.

Traditional evolutionary thinking would say that the trees grew at different times and were subsequently buried, thus

demonstrating the geologic ages of their existence.

Traditional evolutionary thinking would say that the trees grew at different times and were subsequently buried, thus

demonstrating the geologic ages of their existence.

Well, what did we find?Well, what did we find?

For every log which had some vertical orientation, there was a corresponding number of “waterlogged” ends,

under the water, holding them upright.

For every log which had some vertical orientation, there was a corresponding number of “waterlogged” ends,

under the water, holding them upright.

Above the waterAbove the water

Under the waterUnder the water

Evolutionary Geologists have conclusively stated that what you are seeing here could never happen.

These tree stumps were redeposited miles away from their original location. Just like the petrified

stumps of non-indigenous trees in Yellowstone National Park.

As far as a layer of peak for future coal formation the bottom of Spirit lake is covered in the partially

decomposing bark which was stripped off of the trees by the scouring wave caused by the landslide material

of May 18th .

As far as a layer of peak for future coal formation the bottom of Spirit lake is covered in the partially

decomposing bark which was stripped off of the trees by the scouring wave caused by the landslide material

of May 18th .

No Bark!No Bark!

These are fossilized trees from the Yellowstone National Park.

These are fossilized trees from the Yellowstone National Park.

August 7th 1980August 7th 1980

During the May 18, 1980 eruption, at least 17 separate pyroclastic flows descended the flanks of Mount St.

Helens. Pyroclastic flows typically move at speeds of over 60 miles per hour (100 kilometers/hour) and reach

temperatures of over 800 Degrees Fahrenheit (400 degrees Celsius). Photographed here, a pyroclastic flow from the August 7, 1980 eruption stretches from Mount St. Helens'

crater to the valley floor below.

USGS Photograph taken on August 7, 1980, by Peter W. Lipman.

July 22nd 1980July 22nd 1980

July 22nd 1980July 22nd 1980

This eruption sent pumice and ash 6 to 11 miles into the air, and was visible in Seattle, Washington, 100 miles to the north.

The view here is from the south. USGS Photograph taken on July 22, 1980, by Mike Doukas.

This eruption sent pumice and ash 6 to 11 miles into the air, and was visible in Seattle, Washington, 100 miles to the north.

The view here is from the south. USGS Photograph taken on July 22, 1980, by Mike Doukas.

Evolutionary geologists have been rethinking the idea of the Colorado River carving out the Grand Canyon over millions of years. It has appeared, more and more that massive seismic events (including flooding) causing a quick catastrophic change is more likely and more consistent with the evidences. Also, the fact that this Satellite photography (color enhanced) show an elevation of 8-9,000’ above sea level on northern plateau and 7,000’ on the southern (arrow), make the canyon’s formation through that region via a small river very difficult, since water flows downhill.

Evolutionary geologists have been rethinking the idea of the Colorado River carving out the Grand Canyon over millions of years. It has appeared, more and more that massive seismic events (including flooding) causing a quick catastrophic change is more likely and more consistent with the evidences. Also, the fact that this Satellite photography (color enhanced) show an elevation of 8-9,000’ above sea level on northern plateau and 7,000’ on the southern (arrow), make the canyon’s formation through that region via a small river very difficult, since water flows downhill.

On a personal note, anyone who could think that a

narrow, single directional river could flow upstream and

carve out a canyon this enormous is certifiable!

On a personal note, anyone who could think that a

narrow, single directional river could flow upstream and

carve out a canyon this enormous is certifiable!

Speaking of Certifiable - Speaking of Certifiable -


preserved by preserved by immediate immediate burialburial of sediment of sediment at the at the time of death or as the time of death or as the


pressure applied to the pressure applied to the organism being buriedorganism being buried.

Flood geology alone Flood geology alone provides these conditionsprovides these conditions!!


preserved by preserved by immediate immediate burialburial of sediment of sediment at the at the time of death or as the time of death or as the


pressure applied to the pressure applied to the organism being buriedorganism being buried.

Flood geology alone Flood geology alone provides these conditionsprovides these conditions!!

Claims of the Flood GeologyClaims of the Flood Geology

2. Flood geology explains why we find what we actually find in the geologic column.

2. Flood geology explains why we find what we actually find in the geologic column.

Claims of the Flood GeologyClaims of the Flood Geology

3. Young age of the Earth known by presence of Pleochroic halos in the granites of the Earth.

3. Young age of the Earth known by presence of Pleochroic halos in the granites of the Earth.

We gave many reasons for a young Earth earlier,

but even the appearance of age is

addressed in the Bible as being superficial.

We gave many reasons for a young Earth earlier,

but even the appearance of age is

addressed in the Bible as being superficial.

Within the first week of creation, oceans

were full of life, trees were full grown with fruit already on them and man was already an

adult.

Within the first week of creation, oceans

were full of life, trees were full grown with fruit already on them and man was already an

adult.

“For this they willfully forget: that by the Word of God the heavens were

of old, and the earth standing out of water and

in the water, by which the world that then

existed perished, being flooded with water. . .” II

Peter 3:5,6.

“For this they willfully forget: that by the Word of God the heavens were

of old, and the earth standing out of water and

in the water, by which the world that then

existed perished, being flooded with water. . .” II

Peter 3:5,6.

world - Greek word, kosmos, which means the orderly arrangement, adorning, world.

perished - Greek word, apollumi, which means To destroy fully, loose, mar, perish.

world - Greek word, kosmos, which means the orderly arrangement, adorning, world.

perished - Greek word, apollumi, which means To destroy fully, loose, mar, perish.

This section on Flood Geology is covered in

depth in

Part 5b: Noah’s Ark & Flood Geology.

This section on Flood Geology is covered in

depth in

Part 5b: Noah’s Ark & Flood Geology.

Spiritual

Part 5 geology - gradulaism or catastrophism