Competent Crew (sail)

Jack DaleISPA Yachtmaster Offshore

InstructorISPA Instructor Evaluator

Clothing Dress in layers Layer 1

Polypropylene Fleece Foul weather gear

Soft bag

Deck shoes Sea boots Sun hat Sunglasses Gloves Multi-tool

Parts of a Sailboat

Winches Self-tailing

Off the winch Over the feeder Around the gripper

Standard Must be tailed

                   

  

                        

   

Mainsail

Mainsail Systems Standard In Mast Furling Roller Furling Boom

Parts of a Mainsail

In Mast Roller Furling Worm screw thread Direct drive –

winch Direct drive –

endless line

                                          

    

In Boom Reefing Rolls around or into boom Works with fully battened mains

Foresails

Genoa, Jib, Storm Trysail Genoa

Larger than fore triangle

Jib Equal to fore triangle

Storm Jib Smaller than fore

triangle

Foresail Systems Roller Furling Hank On

Talk Like a Sailor

Parts of a Boat

Stern

Bow

Beam

Centerline

Port

Starboard

TerminologyAbeam

Astern Ahead

Terminology

Aft Forward

TerminologyWind

Windward

Leeward

Heading up

Bearing away

Sail TheorySail as airfoil Wind splits over sail High pressure to

windward Low pressure to leeward Lift generated

Keel TheoryKeel as airfoil Water flowing over keel

generates lift Reduces leeway

                                                                     

Points of Sail

Competent Crew Module 1(h)Page 82

Points of Sail

Sail Trim

Day Skipper Module 1Page 1

Sail Trim - Upwind

Sail Trim - Downwind

Foresail Telltales Both should fly

straight Leeward lifting

Ease sheet Head up

Windward lifting Harden sheet Bear away

Main Sail Telltales Top batten parallel

to boom All telltales flying

straight back Top one may break

Lee Helm and Weather Helm

Centre of Effort Finding centre of

effort Bisect angles of sail

Mainsail area 463 sq ft

Genoa area 495 sq ft

Combined 463/(495+463)=48%

C of E Main C of E

Genoa

Combined C of E

Centre of Lateral Resistance

Point about which a boat pivots

Finding CLR Loosen breast and spring

lines Walk along side Push on hull At CLR bow and stern will

both move away from dockCLR

Balanced Helm Centre of effort

and centre of lateral resistance coincide

Helm balanced

CLR

CofE

Lee Helm Tendency for the

boat to turn away from the wind

Center of effort is forward of center of lateral resistance

CLR

CofE

Weather Helm Tendency for the boat

to turn into the wind Center of effort is aft

of center of lateral resistance

CLR

CofE

Preferred Helm Slight weather helm

Creates lift from rudder Provides feel

Lulls – less weather helm Puffs – more weather helm

Boat will round up if helm released May heave-to

Adjusting Helm Sail change / reefing

Reducing mainsail area will lessen weather helm Reducing foresail area may increase weather

helm Easing mainsheet or traveller will reduce

weather helm Mast rake

Raking mast aft will increase weather helm Mast Position

Moving mast aft will increase weather helm

Main and Foresail Trim Trim foresail

Telltales straight back Trim mainsail

Ease until slight luffing Harden slightly Bottom two telltales

streaming Top telltale streaming 60% of

time Similar leech curve on

main and foresail

Slot

Reefing First depower sails by flattening When to reef

Excessive weather helm Excessive heeling (past 20°) Toerail in water Loss of control Uncomfortable crew When you think about it!

Genoa, Jib, Storm Jib (#1) Genoa

Larger than fore triangle

(#2) Jib Equal to fore triangle

(#3)Storm Jib Smaller than fore

triangle

Mainsail Reefing

                                                                 

    

General Seamanship

Competent Crew Module 1(c)

Vessel Recognition

Trimaran

Catamaran

Masthead Sloop

Sloop – Fractional Rig

Cutter

Ketch

Schooner

Yawl

Cat Rig

Deep Fin Keel

Shallow Fin KeelWith Bulb

Modified Fin KeelSkeg Rudder

Powerboats Planning hull

Lift out of water Ride on surface

Displacement hull Hull stays in water Low power to

weight ratio Water displaced

equals vessel weight

Dinghies Safety equipment

One PFD per person Paddles / oars Foot pump and repair kit Bailer Buoyant heaving line Sound making device Handheld VHF Small anchor Outboard spares and fire extinguisher

Towing the Dinghy Ensure towing points on dinghy

are substantial Use floating line

(polypropylene) Keep vessel and dinghy in sync

with waves Two wave lengths Remove transom plug Secure oars Store engine on vessel stern rail

Refueling Dock and tie up All crew ashore Shut down

electrical system Extinguish flames Class all doors,

hatches, etc No smoking

Ground nozzle Don’t overfill Wipe up any

spillage Open all hatches Run blower (gas) Check for vapours Start engine with

crew ashore

Living Aboard

Potable Water Normal consumption

2 gallons per person per day Minimum consumption

.5 gallons per person per day

Propane System Tank in

ventilated locker

Solenoid controlled from galley

Battery Use Keep charged Separate battery banks

Engine starting House

Shore Power Turn off AC switch when

connecting and disconnecting Connect boat first Disconnect shore power first Do not allow cable to droop into

water

Operating the Marine Head Flush lever to wet

Pump to wet bowl Flush lever to dry

Do your thing Sitting 4 squares of paper

Flush lever to wet Pump until empty

Flush lever to dry Empty remaining water

Close lid

Flush Lever

Pump

Precautions – Marine Head If it did not go through your digestive

system, it does not go into the head. Except small amounts of toilet paper

No Tissue Dental floss Feminine hygiene products

Be aware of holding tank capacity

Emergencies

Emergencies Four rules of preparation

Respect the boat Worst case scenarios

Prepare the crew Location and use of equipment Assign duties and chain of command Standing orders

Choose a safe route Prepare for emergencies

Practice

Distress Signals

Distress Signals

VHF Radio Calls Mayday

Distress Imminent danger to vessel or life

Pan Pan Urgency Vessel needs assistance

Securite Safety Navigation, weather, hazards

Vessel in Immediate Danger Lifejackets Mayday Stay with vessel, if appropriate Account for everyone Distress signals Use floating material to stay out of

water

Steering Failure Rig emergency tiller Tow with dinghy Jury rig rudder

Board lashed to pole Pole lashed to backstay

Tow bucket, dinghy, anchor Shift from side to side

Explosion / Fire Sources of explosion

Hydrogen Methane Propane Gasoline Alcohol / butane

Insert CD material on fires

Springing a Leak All crew in PFDs Start pumping Determine source

Look, smell and taste Fresh water

Water tank Leak from rain

Salt water Holed hull Through hulls Above water fixtures and seals

Holed Hull If on rocks, stay there! Collision mat (storm sail) Plug from inside

Tear out cabin sole and cabinets

Stuff cushions, rags, whatever

Hold in place with oars, planks

Pre-drilled marine plywood

Through Hulls Check flush lever

position in head Locate and check all

Loose or damaged hoses Close seacock Tighten or replace hose

clamps Broken seacock

Hammer in wood plug

Stuffing Box, etc Should drip occasionally If excessive flow

Tighten Pump grease into gland

Check prop shaft Check rudder post

Above Water Leaks Check ventilators and deck pipes Close and dog all hatches Inspect hull-deck join

Especially near chain plates) Check all deck fills Check mast partner and boot Clogged drains

Cockpit Anchor well

Avoiding Leaks Same measures to avoid running aground Look out for objects in water

Deadheads Fill tanks slowly Inspect all hoses

Stainless hose clamps Anti-siphoning loops

Check and lubricate seacocks

Avoiding Leaks (2) Sacrificial anode on prop shaft Check prop shaft alignment Inspect stuffing box Check operation of bilge pumps Inspect hatches, ports and

ventilators Replace gaskets

Running Aground It will happen! Procedures

All crew in PFDs Check crew safety Check vessel

integrity Check the tide

Float off Prepare for

falling tide

Heel the vessel Kedge off Sail or motor off Take a tow

Preparing for a Falling Tide Kedge anchor Heel boat

Mast to shore Secure items below Close hatches and ports Cushion hull

Avoiding Running Aground Know

Where you are Where you are going

Consult charts regularly Take a coastal navigation course In shallow water, use depth sounder or lead

line Be aware of tides and currents Avoid lee shores Post lookouts in narrow passes

Fouling a Propeller Stop engine immediately Gently tug on line

Pull out fuel stop Transmission in reverse “Stab” starter button

In calm waters Send diver to cut line

Mask, snorkel, fins Safety line

In rough water sail to calm anchorage

Towing Bridles Attach to strong points

Mast – if keel steeped Winches

Use anti-chafe at bow roller Long enough to synchronize with

waves

Towing Precautions Agree on terms Agree on hand signals Agree on VHF channel Tow at slow speed

Bow may submerge Cockpit might flood

All unnecessary crew below Both vessels need helmsmen

Rendering Assistance A legal requirement

Canada Shipping Act and the Criminal Code of Canada

Watch for signals that indicate distress and need of assistance

Render assistance to every person who is found at sea and in danger of being lost .. without posing serious danger to their own craft and the persons on board

Stop and offer assistance when the operator is involved in an accident

Knots

Competent Crew Module 2(f)Page 165

Terminology Standing part Working end Bitter end / tail Bight Loop

Overhand Underhand

Turn Round trun

Knots Reef Knot Clove Hitch Rolling Hitch Round turn and 2 half hitches Bowline ( 2 methods) Double Overhand Cow Hitch Double Sheet Bend

Safety

General Safety Wear a PFD Wear shoes One hand for

yourself, one for the boat

Avoid flogging sails Never straddle lines Never stand on

sails or lines

Avoid the leeward side

Stay alert Avoid wrapping

lines around hands A “tiddly” boat is a

safe boat Lock hatches

Safe Areas

Unsafe Areas

Jacklines Flat webbing Bow to stern Moving forward

Safety Harness / Tethers Wear

Night Heavy weather Single handing

Clip to Jacklines U bolts

Pulpits and Lifelines Prevent objects

from falling overboard

Not 100% reliable Do not clip on May be corroded

Safety and Risk Management

Personal Flotation Devices/ Lifejackets Must be worn to work Approved by Transport Canada Cannot be repaired or altered Dry in open air Clean with mild soap and running water Test occasionally Inflatable must be worn to count

Surviving overboard with PFD Avoid “Gasp reflex”

Take breath and hold Pinch nose and cover mouth

Keep calm, control breathing Assume “HELP” position Keep as much of body out of water

as possible

Hypothermia Causes

Convection Heat carried away from body by air or water

Conduction Direct transfer from warm object to cold

object Evaporation

Sweat or water from skin Radiation

Warm body to surrounding environment

Signs and Symptoms Shivering, slurred speech, slow

weal pulse, slow breathing Numbness, fatigue, weakness Confused or unusual behaviour Body temperature below 35° Unconsciousness

Hypothermia Treatment Conscious

Keep warm and dry Wrap in sleeping bag External heat sources – no direct

contact Warm liquids – no caffeine or alcohol Warm moist air Do not rub skin

Hypothermia Treatment Unconscious

Mayday Assist breathing Check pulse – 45 seconds CPR Warm moist air

Seasickness Causes Mixed messages

Inner ear Eyes Other motion sensors

Worsened by Odours Alcohol Fatty foods Spicy foods Overheating

Seasickness Symptoms Drowsiness Nausea Clammy skin Pale skin Vomiting Dry heaves

Seasickness Medication Meclizine (Bonine) Dimenhydrinate (Gravol) Transderm-Scopolamine Patch Side effects

Drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision

Take it before Trip (side effects) Onset

Seasickness – Non-medicinal Treatment Ginger ale (rehydrate) Dry crackers Focus on horizon Steer If incapacitated

Lie on centre line of cabin sole Close eyes

MOB Shout “Man overboard” Never lose contact – spotter Use swim ladder in calm waters Don’t jeopardize self Practice

Upwind MOB

Downwind MOB

Williamson Turn

Anderson Turn

                                                                                                 

                    

Safety equipment

Personal Safety1. One (1) Canadian-approved personal flotation

device or lifejacket of appropriate size for each person on board

2. One (1) buoyant heaving line no less than 15 m (49’3”) in length

3. One (1) approved lifebuoy with an outside diameter of 610 mm or 762 mm that is attached to a buoyant line no less than 15 m (49’3”) in length

4. A reboarding device if the freeboard of the vessel is greater than 0.5 m (1’8”)

Boat Safety Equipment5. An anchor with no less than 30 m (98’5”) of cable, rope

or chain in any combination 6. One (1) bailer 7. One (1) manual water pump fitted with or accompanied

by sufficient hose to enable a person using the pump to discharge water from the bilge of the vessel over the side of the vessel

8. One (1) Class 10BC fire extinguisher, if the pleasure craft is a power-driven vessel, plus another class 10BC fire extinguisher if the pleasure craft is equipped with a fuel-burning cooking, heating or refrigerating appliance

Distress Equipment9. A watertight flashlight 10. 12* Canadian-approved flares of Type

A, B, C or D, no more than six (6) of which are of Type D

Navigation Equipment11. A sound-signalling device or a sound-

signalling appliance 12. Navigation lights that meet the

applicable standards set out in the Collision Regulations

Navigation Lights - Power

                                                                                              

                                              

Navigation Lights - Sail

                                                                                       

Day Shapes - Anchored

                                                                                           

Additional Equipment Radar reflectors are required under

certain conditions. Power-driven pleasure craft greater

than 8 m (26’3”) in length require a properly adjusted compass. If the voyage is more than 20 nautical miles (37 km) from shore a compass bearing device is required.

Powerboats Planning hull

Lift out of water Ride on surface

Displacement hull Hull stays in water Low power to

weight ratio Water displaced

equals vessel weight

Dinghies Safety equipment

One PFD per person Paddles / oars Foot pump and repair kit Bailer Buoyant heaving line Sound making device Handheld VHF Small anchor Outboard spares and fire extinguisher

Towing the Dinghy Ensure towing points on dinghy

are substantial Use floating line

(polypropylene) Keep vessel and dinghy in sync

with waves Two wave lengths Remove transom plug Secure oars Store engine on vessel stern rail

Inboard Diesel Engine - Daily Checks Oil levels

Engine and transmission Coolant levels Hoses, linkage Belt tension Charging system Raw water intake Leaks

Refueling Dock and tie up All crew ashore Shut down

electrical system Extinguish flames Class all doors,

hatches, etc No smoking

Ground nozzle Don’t overfill Wipe up any

spillage Open all hatches Run blower (gas) Check for vapours Start engine with

crew ashore

Battery Use Keep charged Separate battery banks

Engine starting House

Shore Power Turn off AC switch when

connecting and disconnecting Connect boat first Disconnect shore power first Do not allow cable to droop into

water

Operating the Marine Head Flush lever to wet

Pump to wet bowl Flush lever to dry

Do your thing Sitting 4 squares of paper

Flush lever to wet Pump until empty

Flush lever to dry Empty remaining water

Close lid

Flush Lever

Pump

Precautions – Marine Head If it did not go through your digestive

system, it does not go into the head. Except small amounts of toilet paper

No Tissue Dental floss Feminine hygiene products

Be aware of holding tank capacity

Colregs

International Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at

Sea

Application (Rule 1) All vessels upon the high seas All waters connected to the high seas

navigable by seagoing vessels Shall not interfere in the operation of

special rules made by an appropriate authority (Victoria – seaplane aerodrome)

Traffic separation schemes (rules differ)

Responsibility (Rule 2) Shall not exonerate any vessel, or

the owner, master, or crew Required by the ordinary practice

of seamen Due regard shall be had to all

dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances

Definitions (Rule 3) Read carefully May be counter-intuitive

Vessel Every description of watercraft Including non-displacement craft

and seaplanes Used or capable of being used as a

means of transportation on water

Power-driven vessel any vessel propelled by machinery

Sailing Vessel Any vessel under sail

provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used

Vessel Engaged in Fishing any vessel fishing

with nets, lines, trawls, or other fishing apparatus which restrict maneuverability

not trolling lines

Not Under Command A vessel which through some

exceptional circumstance is unable to maneuver as required by these Rules

Broken rudder No propulsion

Restricted in Ability to Maneuver

A vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to maneuver

Unable to keep out of the way of another vessel

Example Cable laying Minesweeper Towing Dredging Aircraft carrier

Underway A vessel

not at anchor not made fast

to the shore not aground

In Sight Vessels shall be deemed to be in

sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.

Restricted Visibility Visibility is restricted by

fog mist falling snow heavy rainstorms sandstorms any other similar causes.

Wing in Ground-effect Boat with wings that

cruises just above the water surface

Floating on a cushion of relatively high-pressure air between its wing and the water surface.

Look Out (Rule 5) Every vessel shall at all times

maintain a proper look-out by sight by hearing by all available means appropriate make a full appraisal of the situation

and of the risk of collision

Safe Speed (Rule 6) All Vessels

Visibility Traffic density Stopping distance and

turning ability Background light State of wind, sea and

current Proximity of

navigational hazards Draft

Equipped with Radar Characteristics,

efficiency and limitations of equipment

Radar range scale Sea state, weather and

other sources of interference

Objects may not be detected

Number, location and movement of vessels

Risk of Collision (Rule 7) Shall use all available means appropriate Radar shall be used if fitted and operating Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of

scanty information Determining risk of collision

Compass bearing does not change substantially May still exist if change is substantial

Large vessel, tow, or close range

Avoiding Collision (Rule 8) Alter speed, alter course or both “Make it big and make it early” Due regard to good seamanship Avoid close calls until the other vessel is finally past

and clear Avoid creating another collision

situation

Narrow Channels (Rule 9) Keep as far to starboard as possible Vessels of 20 m or less and sailboat

shall not impede larger vessels Do not cross if you will impede Use appropriate sounds

Overtaking Bends or obscured vision

Avoid anchoring

Traffic Separation (Rule 10) Use correct lane Joining / leaving

Termination Small angle

Avoid crossing 90

Rules change

Application Rules for Section II apply to

unrestricted visibility

Sailing Vessels (Rule 12) Opposite tack Port tack gives way to starboard

tack                                                                            

Sailing Vessels (Rule 12) Same tack Windward gives

way to leeward (same tack)

Close-hauled, starboard tack is almost always stand-on

Sailing Vessels (Rule 12) If on port tack and you are

uncertain of other vessel’s tack – keep out of the way

Tack determined by position of boom Port tack – main boom on starboard Starboard tack – main boom on port

Overtaking (Rule 13) Overtaken vessel – stand on Overtaking vessel – give way Pass to either side Keep clear of the overtaken vessel

until finally past and clear

Head –0n (Rule 14) Power-driven Alter course to

starboard Pass port – to –

port

                                                                           

Crossing Situation (Rule 15) Power-driven Give way to vessel on

starboard “Vessel on right is right”                                                                            

Action by Give Way Vessel (Rule 16) Alter course Alter speed Alter course and speed “Do it big and do it early”

Action by Stand-on Vessel (Rule 17) Maintain course and speed May have to avoid collision if give

way does nothing Avoid altering course to port

Responsibilities between Vessels (Rule 18)

Over Night Room For Sale Plus Snacks

Overtaken (Rule 13) Not under command Restricted in Ability to Maneuver Fishing Sailboat Powerboat Seaplane WIG – taking off

Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility (Rule 19) Safe speed with engine(s) ready When using radar

Avoid altering course to port forward of beam

Avoid altering course towards vessels abeam or abaft the beam

Fog signal forward of beam Slow down and navigate carefully until risk

of collision is over

Sounds Signals (Rules 32-37) Definitions

Short blast – one seconds Prolonged blast – 4 to 6 seconds

Requirements Under 12 meters – whistle (horn) 12 meters and over – whistle and bell

Maneuvering and Warning Signals

1 short blast 2 short blasts 3 short blasts 5 short blasts

May also be light flashes

Altering course to starboard

Altering course to port Operating astern

propulsion Your intentions are

unclear

Overtaking Signals 2 long, 1 short

2 long, 2 short

1 long, 1 short, 1 long, 1 short

I intend to overtake on your starboard

I intend to overtake on your port

I am in agreement with your intentions

Sound Signals –Restricted Visibility

1 prolonged blast 2 prolonged blasts 1 prolonged, 2 short

Each signal within 2 minutes

Moving (under power)

Not moving Almost all others

Radar Reflectors (Rule 40) Required if

Under 20 meters, or Non-metallic construction

Mounted 4 meters above waterline Strong return

Blue Flashing Light (Rule 45)

Government ship Providing

assistance Engaged in law

enforcement Adheres to Steering

and Sailing Rules