Framing Differences in Gender-Framing Differences in Gender-Related Sport Insurance Related Sport Insurance

coverage by Internet Sites and coverage by Internet Sites and Newspaper publishersNewspaper publishers

New MediaNew MediaNew press are modifying the way New press are modifying the way information is collected, allocated, information is collected, allocated, utilized, and absorbed (Shultz & Sheffer, utilized, and absorbed (Shultz & Sheffer, 2007).2007).Online visitors tend to be younger than Online visitors tend to be younger than other press customers. The Online has other press customers. The Online has now exceeded magazines as a primary now exceeded magazines as a primary information resource for People in information resource for People in america, and competitors television as america, and competitors television as the prevalent information resource for the prevalent information resource for U.S. youngsters (Pew Research, 2008).U.S. youngsters (Pew Research, 2008).

Research on Sport MediaResearch on Sport Media

Material and textual studies on Material and textual studies on journal, paper, and tv game journal, paper, and tv game protection during the last 35 years protection during the last 35 years have usually proven men get have usually proven men get more overall protection than more overall protection than women at all stages of game (e.g., women at all stages of game (e.g., Bishop, 2003; Eastman & Billings, Bishop, 2003; Eastman & Billings, 2000; Kian, 2008).2000; Kian, 2008).

Research on Sport MediaResearch on Sport Media

Game press often structure Game press often structure women sportsmen as sex things, women sportsmen as sex things, are more likely to search into the are more likely to search into the personal lifestyles of ladies in personal lifestyles of ladies in sport, and reduce their sport, and reduce their achievements and expertise by achievements and expertise by consistently evaluating their consistently evaluating their capabilities to men capabilities to men (Hardin et al., 2005; Vincent, 2004).(Hardin et al., 2005; Vincent, 2004).

FramingFramingCreating is an expression consistently Creating is an expression consistently applied to explain the means through applied to explain the means through which reporters understand information which reporters understand information activities by choosing information and activities by choosing information and embedding them in story lines. Press embedding them in story lines. Press not only figure out which experiences not only figure out which experiences are newsworthy, but also the ways in are newsworthy, but also the ways in which those information activities are which those information activities are created and portrayed(Kuypers, 2002; created and portrayed(Kuypers, 2002; Lind & Salo, 2002). Lind & Salo, 2002).

Research on Sport MediaResearch on Sport MediaTraditionally, in most of the world, game has Traditionally, in most of the world, game has provided as a hegemonic organization, provided as a hegemonic organization, assisting to protect the effectiveness of men assisting to protect the effectiveness of men over females (Schell & Rodriguez, 2000).over females (Schell & Rodriguez, 2000).

Numerous students suggested the Numerous students suggested the organizations of game and press are two of organizations of game and press are two of the primary causes strengthening hegemonic the primary causes strengthening hegemonic maleness in European community (e.g., maleness in European community (e.g., Connell, 1990; Duncan & Messner, 1998; Kian Connell, 1990; Duncan & Messner, 1998; Kian & Hardin, 2009).& Hardin, 2009).

PurposePurposeA task to the conventional creating of A task to the conventional creating of men’s and women’s game by popular men’s and women’s game by popular press may be growing with the press may be growing with the improving occurrence of the Online.improving occurrence of the Online.Several authors have found the Several authors have found the community nature of the Internet is community nature of the Internet is more accommodating to women than more accommodating to women than traditional forms of communication(e.g., traditional forms of communication(e.g., Royal, 2008; Spender, 1995; Turkle, Royal, 2008; Spender, 1995; Turkle, 1995).1995).

PurposePurpose

However, analysis on Internet game media is However, analysis on Internet game media is in its beginnings (Real, 2006). The few in its beginnings (Real, 2006). The few released analysis on sex have given combined released analysis on sex have given combined outcomes (e.g., Cunningham, 2003; Kian et al., outcomes (e.g., Cunningham, 2003; Kian et al., in press; Jackson, 2004; Stories et al. 2000).in press; Jackson, 2004; Stories et al. 2000).None of those released performs in None of those released performs in comparison Internet content of women comparison Internet content of women sportsmen with protection of women’s sportsmen with protection of women’s game through more conventional game through more conventional channels.channels.

PurposePurposeThis research tries to find out if any This research tries to find out if any important variations are present in how important variations are present in how some press (newspapers) and more recent some press (newspapers) and more recent press (Internet) use descriptors to structure press (Internet) use descriptors to structure protection of the same men’s and women’s protection of the same men’s and women’s game.game.Since golf is one of the only activities where Since golf is one of the only activities where the women’s and men’s activities have the women’s and men’s activities have identical stages of reputation, the U.S. Start identical stages of reputation, the U.S. Start was chosen for evaluation.was chosen for evaluation.

Research QuestionsResearch QuestionsAnalysis concerns were applied rather than Analysis concerns were applied rather than theories for this exploratory research. theories for this exploratory research. Three overriding research concerns advised Three overriding research concerns advised this study:this study:

RQ1: What important variations – if any – RQ1: What important variations – if any – are available in the gender-specific are available in the gender-specific descriptors used to border paper content descriptors used to border paper content on the U.S. Start men’s competition, on the U.S. Start men’s competition, women’s competition, and content on both?women’s competition, and content on both?

Research QuestionsResearch QuestionsRQ2: What important variations – if any – are RQ2: What important variations – if any – are available in the gender-specific descriptors used to available in the gender-specific descriptors used to structure Best online content on the U.S. Start structure Best online content on the U.S. Start men’s competition, women’s competition, and men’s competition, women’s competition, and content on both?content on both?RQ3: What important variations – if any – RQ3: What important variations – if any – appear in the gender-specific descriptors appear in the gender-specific descriptors used to structure paper content on the U.S. used to structure paper content on the U.S. Start men’s competition, women’s Start men’s competition, women’s competition, and content on both in competition, and content on both in comparison to descriptors in on the internet comparison to descriptors in on the internet game websites on the same tournaments?game websites on the same tournaments?

MethodologyMethodologyMaterial research of all resource box Material research of all resource box (name of author) U.S. Start golf content (name of author) U.S. Start golf content released in three everyday magazines released in three everyday magazines (The Los Angeles Periods, The New You (The Los Angeles Periods, The New You are able to Periods, USA Today) and three are able to Periods, USA Today) and three popular online game press websites popular online game press websites (ESPN Online, FoxSports.com, SI.com) (ESPN Online, FoxSports.com, SI.com) over a 16-day interval in drop, 2007.over a 16-day interval in drop, 2007.Byline articles…Byline articles…

Coding Categories and ProceduresCoding Categories and Procedures

Written text of content were written for Written text of content were written for nine illustrative groups based on nine illustrative groups based on pervious research: (1) physical pervious research: (1) physical appearances/attire; (2) fitness appearances/attire; (2) fitness prowess/strengths; (3) fitness prowess/strengths; (3) fitness weaknesses/limitations; (4) beneficial weaknesses/limitations; (4) beneficial expertise level/accomplishments;expertise level/accomplishments;

Coding Categories and ProceduresCoding Categories and Procedures

(5) unfavorable skill level/failures; (6) family (5) unfavorable skill level/failures; (6) family members role/personal relationships; (7) members role/personal relationships; (7) psychological/emotional strong points; (8) psychological/emotional strong points; (8) psychological/emotional weaknesses; (9) sense psychological/emotional weaknesses; (9) sense of humor.of humor.Pretest and Intercoder reliabilityPretest and Intercoder reliabilityExcel; ANOVA (alpha=0.05); Pairwise Excel; ANOVA (alpha=0.05); Pairwise comparisons; Binomial check for levelscomparisons; Binomial check for levels

Assumptions Based on Assumptions Based on Previous ResearchPrevious Research

Women’s experiences Women’s experiences would include more would include more descriptors on physical descriptors on physical performances, family performances, family positions or personal positions or personal connections, fitness connections, fitness weak points, negative weak points, negative capability or problems, capability or problems, emotional or emotional emotional or emotional weak point, and comedy.weak point, and comedy.

Men’s articles Men’s articles consist of more consist of more descriptors on descriptors on fitness expertise, fitness expertise, beneficial capability beneficial capability or achievements, or achievements, and psychological or and psychological or psychological strong psychological strong points (e.g., Billings points (e.g., Billings et al., 2002; Harris & et al., 2002; Harris & Clayton, 2002; Kian Clayton, 2002; Kian et al., 2008).et al., 2008).

General FindingsGeneral FindingsInternet ArticlesInternet Articles Total ArticlesTotal Articles % of all Articles% of all ArticlesMen’s TennisMen’s Tennis 2727 48.2%48.2%Women’s TennisWomen’s Tennis 1414 25%25%BothBoth 1515 27%27%TotalTotal 5656 100%100%

Newspaper ArticlesNewspaper Articles Total ArticlesTotal Articles % of all Articles% of all Articles

Men’s TennisMen’s Tennis 5757 41.9%41.9%Women’s TennisWomen’s Tennis 2626 19.1%19.1%BothBoth 5353 39%39%TotalTotal 136136 100%100%

RQ1 and RQ 2RQ1 and RQ 2For all paper articles analyzed, pairwise For all paper articles analyzed, pairwise evaluations revealed results mostly strengthening evaluations revealed results mostly strengthening past game media research.past game media research.

Among the 10 important variations, the only Among the 10 important variations, the only surprising outcome was comedy was considerably surprising outcome was comedy was considerably more likely to be used in content about men’s golf more likely to be used in content about men’s golf than content on women’s golf or on both sexes. than content on women’s golf or on both sexes. Programming and pairwise evaluations of Best Programming and pairwise evaluations of Best internet articles provided combined results that internet articles provided combined results that overall did not strengthen traditional overall did not strengthen traditional generalizations in game press coverage as generalizations in game press coverage as believed, since only five of the 11 significant believed, since only five of the 11 significant results were predicted.results were predicted.

““Both” as a category impacting results…Both” as a category impacting results…

RQ3RQ3When evaluating paper and Best internet content When evaluating paper and Best internet content only on men’s tennis, online content were only on men’s tennis, online content were considerably more likely to use descriptors on considerably more likely to use descriptors on emotional strong points and physical weak points, emotional strong points and physical weak points, while magazines considerably used more descriptors while magazines considerably used more descriptors on family positions and comedy.on family positions and comedy.For content completely on women’s golf, magazines For content completely on women’s golf, magazines were considerably more likely to employ descriptors were considerably more likely to employ descriptors on physical performances, fitness weak points, and on physical performances, fitness weak points, and family positions. Online content were more likely to family positions. Online content were more likely to use features on positive capability, emotional strong use features on positive capability, emotional strong points, and emotional weak points on women’s golf.points, and emotional weak points on women’s golf.

RQ3RQ3In content concentrating on both men’s In content concentrating on both men’s and women’s tennis, the binomial and women’s tennis, the binomial assessments for two ratios revealed assessments for two ratios revealed magazines were considerably more likely magazines were considerably more likely to use descriptors on fitness expertise, to use descriptors on fitness expertise, fitness weak point, and family positions. fitness weak point, and family positions. Web sites used considerably more Web sites used considerably more descriptors per article for positive descriptors per article for positive capability and negative capability in capability and negative capability in content on both sexes.content on both sexes.

DiscussionDiscussionOutcomes for descriptors within paper content Outcomes for descriptors within paper content strengthened the variety of past gender-related strengthened the variety of past gender-related game press research, reducing the athleticism of game press research, reducing the athleticism of women and trivializing their achievements.women and trivializing their achievements.Results within Best internet content were combined Results within Best internet content were combined but did not signify a important task to conventional but did not signify a important task to conventional creating of men’s and women’s game.creating of men’s and women’s game.However, evaluations between channels revealed However, evaluations between channels revealed Best internet content were significantly more likely Best internet content were significantly more likely to alter the ways media structure female to alter the ways media structure female sportsmen than were paper content.sportsmen than were paper content.Thus, hegemonic maleness was pushed far more in Thus, hegemonic maleness was pushed far more in on the internet content.on the internet content.

Limitations/DelimitationsLimitations/DelimitationsThis research only analyzed six significant press This research only analyzed six significant press sites, and targeted on one men’s and women’s sites, and targeted on one men’s and women’s game performed at the maximum level. game performed at the maximum level. Overview cannot be made from analyzing six Overview cannot be made from analyzing six game information sites based in the U. s. game information sites based in the U. s. Declares, where golf is not considered as an Declares, where golf is not considered as an extremely macho game.extremely macho game.These six magazines or websites are all very These six magazines or websites are all very popular, nationwide sites. However, no more popular, nationwide sites. However, no more compact, or local sites were analyzed. compact, or local sites were analyzed. Therefore, the opportunity of this research may Therefore, the opportunity of this research may have been too wide.have been too wide.