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7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Germany`s new approach for siting a nuclear waste
repository Dr. Volkmar BräuerFederal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources
BGR, Hannover Germanywww.bgr.bund.de
Washington, DCSeptember 7-9, 2016
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
April 9, 2013 was a historic day:The German Federal Government and the
Federal States agreed for the first timeon a new site selection for a
nuclear waste repository in Germany!
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
The total disposal roadmap
• Stage 1: Site selection procedure3 phases pursuant to Site Selection Act by 2031
• Stage 2: Mining development of the site
• Stage 3: Emplacement of radioactive waste in the
repository minefrom ca. 2050 for 20-30 years
• Stage 4: Monitoring before sealing of repository mine
• Stage 5: Sealed repository mine feasible in this century
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear
Safety (BMUB)Federal Ministry
for Economic Affairs and
Energy (BMWi)
Federal Ministry of Education and
Research (BMBF)
Federal Office for Nuclear Disposal Safety (BfE)Regulation of repositories Planning permission and approval of repositoriesSupervision of repositories responsible for authorisations
National Monitoring Committee
Research institutes
New organisational structure
Federal Organisation for Nuclear Disposal (BGE)Project developer Private legal form – 100% public sector Independent of public budgetsImplements site search, construction, operation and decommissioning of repositories
State authorities
National Parliament (Bundestag)
Repository CommissionRecommendations available since 5.7.2016Clarified fundamental issues, checked alternatives, elaborated criteria, concept for a repository, safety specifications, methodology for safety investigations
BGR
BGR
BGR
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
The total disposal roadmap
• Stage 1: Site selection procedure3 phases pursuant to Site Selection Act by 2031
• Stage 2: Mining development of the site
• Stage 3: Emplacement of radioactive waste in the
repository minefrom ca. 2050 for 20-30 years
• Stage 4: Monitoring before sealing of repository mine
• Stage 5: Sealed repository mine feasible in this century
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
New Site Selection Act (StandAG)Time schedule (Stage 1)
Repository Commission (ended in 2016)
Phase 1: Exclusion of regions and comparative analysis Definition of sites for surface exploration
Phase 2: Surface exploration by end 2023 Definition of sites for underground exploration
Phase 3: Underground exploration and Environmental Impact Assessment by 2031
Site comparison and final site selection
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
New Site Selection Act (StandAG)Time schedule (Stage 1)
Repository Commission (ended in 2016)
Phase 1: Exclusion of regions and comparative analysis Definition of sites for surface exploration
Phase 2: Surface exploration by end 2023 Definition of sites for underground exploration
Phase 3: Underground exploration and Environmental Impact Assessment by 2031
Site comparison and final site selection
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Repository Commission “Storage of high-level radioactive waste”34 members:8 (representatives of Bundesländer (German states), 8 (members of the Bundestag)
8 (scientists), 8 (representatives of civil society), 1+1 (Chairperson) (groundwork done by: scientific institutions such as BGR)
General Objectives:Analyse and assess fundamental issues, elaborate criteria and recommendations, evaluate alternatives for final disposal, reporting on a consensus basis, min. 2/3 majority
Repository Commission (1)
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Working basis: GEOLOGY = safety for long periods of time
- with the best possible safety for the storage
of high-level radioactive waste in particular
- ensuring the best possible safety for a period
of one million years
- assessing the host rocks – rock salt, claystone
and crystalline rocks in a scientifically based,
neutral selection procedure based on a “blank map” of Germany
Repository Commission (2)
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Working basis: GEOLOGY = safety for long periods of time
- with the best possible safety for the storage
of high-level radioactive waste in particular
- ensuring the best possible safety for a period
of one million years
- assessing the host rocks – rock salt, claystone
and crystalline rocks in a scientifically based,
neutral selection procedure based on a “blank map” of Germany
Repository Commission (2)
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
1. The commission submitted recommendations to the Bundestag, Bundesrat and the German government on July 5th 2016
2. German Bundestag evaluates, and if necessary, redetermines the Site Selection Act on the basis of the report
3. Final decision expected in 2017
Repository Commission (3)
Time schedule
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Commission findings (1)
GEOLOGY = Safety for long periods of time
- Storage in deep geological formations
- “Best possible site” in a neutral procedure
- Criteria are the key guides for the procedure
- Additional research necessary, e.g. for containers
- Repository mine with retrievability/recovery is a new concept
- Self-critical system (reversibility of decisions, e.g. to correct errors)
General ObjectiveDefine site region and then a site which demonstrates the best possible safety to isolate the waste for a time period of one million years
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Criteria:1. Exclusion criteriae.g. volcanic activity
2. Minimum requirementse.g. depth of effective isolating rock zone 3. Weighing criteriae.g. no or only slow transport by groundwater at the level of the repository
Geoscientific CriteriaCommission findings (2)
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Geologicalsearch areas
Phase 1: Step 1 1. Exclusion criteria geoscientific
Target: Identification of geological search areas
Stage 1
Large-scale vertical
movements
Active fault zones
Mining activity
Seismic activity
Volcanic activity
Groundwater age
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Aquifer
Host rock
Repository area
Isolation rock zone (IRZ)
2. Minimum requirements geoscientific
100 m
300 m
salt: ³ 2,3 km² (100 °C)claystone: ³ 6,6 km²granite: ³ 3.6 km²
Phase 1: Step 1
Host rock = Barrier rock
Stage 1
Rock permeability: < 10-10 m/sMinimum thickness: 100 m (crystalline rock can be less)Minimum depth: 300 m and as deep as possible Erosion or decompaction in case of claystone, in case of salt + 300 m salt layer above IRZMinimum area for realisation:Salt: 200 °C: 1.3 km²; 100 °C: 2.3 km²Claystone: 100 °C: 6.6 km²Granite: 100 °C: 3.6 km²Integrity of IRZ maintained for 1 million years
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Permeability measurements by BGR in claystone in Mont Terri (Switzerland)
Criteria in practise: Permeability
Data on this criterion are available for various host rocks. Attention is given here to where and how the criterion was determined.
Permeability (k) Rock salt Opalinus Clay
Granite (unfractured)
Laboratory: k < 10-21 m2 k < 10-19 m2 ca.10-20 m2
In-situ:
"undisturbed" rock k < 10-20 m2 k < 10-19 m2 k < 10-18 m2
Excavation disturbed zone
k < 10-14 m2 k < 10-16 m2
to 10-13 m2k < 10-15 m2
Data source: BGR
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Geoscientific weighing
partial areas
Selection of partial areas with particularly favourable geological conditions
3. Weighing criteriageoscientific
Phase 1: Step 2
Groups of criteria: 1: Quality of ability to isolate and
reliability of evidence
2: Verifying isolation capacity
3: Other safety relevant properties
Data from BGR and Services ofFederal States (Länder)
Stage 1
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Identification and selection of site regions for exploration from the surface
Site regions
Phase 1: Step 3Stage 1
Regional data from BGR and Federal States (Länder)
Geoscientific weighing criteriaRepresentative preliminary safety investigationsPlanning scientific weighing criteria
3. Weighing criteriaGeoscientific and planning scientific
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Identification and selection of site regions for exploration from the surface
Site regions
Phase 1: Step 3Stage 1
Regional data from BGR and Federal States (Länder)
Geoscientific weighing criteriaRepresentative preliminary safety investigationsPlanning scientific weighing criteria
3. Weighing criteriaGeoscientific and planning scientific
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Planning scientific criteria
competing uses or conflicts of interest which relate differently to • surface (shaft or ramp) and• underground
Competing interests need to be taken into consideration!Therefore, no minimum requirements and exclusion criteria. • Weighing group 1 (surface planning aspects): Protection of people and
human health
• Weighing group 2 (surface and underground planning aspects): Protection of unique natural and cultural heritage from irreversible damage
• Weighing group 3 (surface and underground planning aspects): other competing uses and infrastructure
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Planungswissenschaftliche Abwägungskriterien
Geowissenschaftliche Abwägungskriterien
Repräsentative vorläufige Sicherheitsuntersuchungen
Sites
Phase 2:
Raumdaten BGR und LänderDetermining sites for underground exploration
Stage 1
Surface explorationProceedings, criteria,
assessments
Geoscientific criteria
Further-developed preliminary safety investigations
Socio-economic potential analyses
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Determine site
Phase 3
Stage 1
Underground exploration
Repositorysite
Proceedings, criteria, assessments
Geoscientific criteria
Site-specific test criteria (= exclusion criteria)still to be definedand exploration programmes
Comprehensive preliminary safety investigations, comparative safety investigations
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Requirements for research and technological development
The commission is of the opinion that research on repositories in Germany has a good foundation, and provides a good basis for redefining the focus of research activities in the years to come.Gaps in knowledge that could hinder the new selection process should be closed, for instance:
• Three host rock types with appropriate repository concepts,• Container development,• Safety and verification concepts,• Setting up arrangements to correct errors, including retrieval of the casks during
the operating phase and recovery of the casks after closure,• Safety-related verification for containers and inventories for a longer period of
interim storage,• Accompanying research on participation and acceptance in a democratic
constitutional state,• Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches for cooperation of technical and
non-technical disciplines with societal players.
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Conclusions
There is no ideal host rock!Claystones, rock salt and crystalline rocks are being investigated internationally as potential host rocks.The crucial aspect is a favourable overall geological setting.
The geological conditions in Germany are well studied, the host rocks rock salt, claystone and crystalline rocks are regionally present.
Good exploration methods are available.
Research results on the characterisation of host rocks in international cooperation projects are necessary
The search for a site in Germany can begin!
7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
Thank you!