02/2017 Santa Clara, California: Networks of autonomous devices and their impact on WoT

1Lemonbeat | Complete Slide Deck


Agenda

1. Decentralized IoT2. Automation in Smart Energy as an example3. Benefits of an integrated web of things4. Options of device communication5. Suggestion for the WoT architecture

AGENDA

Success criteria for WoT Which kind of requirements are needed from an implementation perspective?1

Findings:

• High size of WoT library needs memory

• Powerful MCU reduce the coverage of WoT regarding IoT market volume

• Prices of future solutions must be lower than today

• Limited size of WoT-Stack (libary) is needed („Small is beautiful and cost efficient“)

• High coverage of devices is needed to fulfillWoT´s mission

3 Which coverage do we want?100 % of IoT devices (2025)

CoverageWoT Stack (%)

?

?

?

2 Size of flash memory defines kind of microcontroller


We are a global leader in wind energy and operateMore than 3,100 MW of renewable capacity

INNOGY SE


Future oriented products and servicesINNOGY SE

What if the complete genetic material of a human being was stored in a single cell?

This single cell would have to control all interactions between the 100 trillions of cells in the human body. It would be hard to imagine that such an organism would have won the survival of the fittest.

6Lemonbeat | LsDL—the DNA of the Internet of Things

LINKED INTELLIGENCE

A life, depending on the proper functionality of a single cell, would be extremely fragile.

So it is no accident that each cell of a human being contains its complete genetic information.This concept makes sense to us. So why do we believe that it should be different with devices?

7Lemonbeat | LsDL—the DNA of the Internet of Things

LINKED INTELLIGENCE

With DNA (“the intelligence of life”) there is a decentralized control in each cell …

8

… with LsDL (“the intelligence of IoT”) a decentralized control in each device (thing) becomes possible in the IoT …

Lemonbeat | LsDL—the DNA of the Internet of Things

LINKED INTELLIGENCE

Lemonbeat positioning in the OSI layer model

Application Layer

Network Functionality

Network Functionality

Lemonbeat smart Device Language „LsDL“ ( XML / XSD / EXI )

HTTP / CoAP

TCP / UDP

IPv6 / IPv4

IEEE 802.1x / EAP-TLS based Access Control Solutions and others

6LoWPAN

IEEE 802.15(WPAN)

IEEE P1901.2(Powerline)

IETF RFC 2464

IEEE 802.11ah

(Wi-Fi)IEEE 802.3(Ethernet)

Long range, low power

(LoRa Modulation)

LemonbeatRadio 868

MHz2G / 3G / LTE (Cellular)

IETF RFC 5072

9

GENERIC APPLICATION LAYER

How to make devices intelligent

„All necessary services on board – in every device“

Services available forSelf Description

• Name of device and manufacturer• IPv6 adress und SGTIN• Radio and wake-up information

Value information• Value Service, Value Description, Configuration

ServiceInteractions

• Value, Action, Calculation, State Machine ServiceTiming-related tasks

• Timer, Schedule ServiceConnections to other devices

• Partner Service

Lemonbeat smart Device Language:

Complete specification in the

Web

10

7

LINKED INTELLIGENCE

ValueService

/v

ValueDescription

Service/vd

DeviceDescription

Service/dd

StatusService

/s

ActionService

/a

PartnerService

/pi

TimerService

/tc

CalculationService

/cc

ConfigurationService

/cf

ScheduleService

/sc

State MachineService

/sm

CalendarService

/cs

Firmwareupdate service

/fu

Public Keyservice

/ps

Networkservice

/ns

Lemonbeat DNA structure

Appl

icatio

nLib

rary

Boot

-lo

ade

r

Hardware driver

Lemonbeat api

Individual definition / use-case specific:• Actions• Values• Partner collaboration• Timer a.s.o

Lemonbeat Chip:

Silicon Labs 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 CPU ProcessorSilicon Labs SI 446x Transceiver

Flash memory

Firm

ware

Lemonbeat Studio Access to all devices Initial implementation

Definition calculation rules, e.g.If Value = x, then…

Definition partner Definition radio modes

(wake on radio, timer, event)etc.

Updates flash memory 99 % offline

How to make devices intelligent

Stac

k8

LINKED INTELLIGENCE

12

Use cases for private households (B2C – Micro level)Smart Energy can be linked to eMobility and Smart Home

Tesla Model 3,Chevrolet Bolt (EU: Opel Ampera-e,Vauxhall), Mercedes EQ a.o. will increase new registrationssignificantly Data

transmission every 4 sec.

USE CASES

Chargingstation

Smart meter

SinglePower storage

Customer App

Forecast

“The power grid is expected to be powered to 67 percent from decentralized sources by 2030 ” (Horst Kayser, Head of Group Strategy Siemens, n-tv, 29.12.2016)


Use cases for private households (B2C – Macro level)A cluster of power storages in a decentralized use case

USE CASES

Energy company(Cockpit, Billing, Analytics)

Grid balancing

Planning electricity generation,nuclear-, coal-fired power plants

• Autonomous communicationfrom device to device

• Autonomous exchange of power

• Load Shifting based on weather situation, generation forecast andpower level of storages

• Curtailing of generation from renewable sources, if energy storages filling level is 100% (grid protection against overload)

Smart things can pass better data to Big Data. More up-to-date data with higher quality statement

Self learning mechanism on field level (1)

1.Primary setting in grid inverter (incl. load balancer): Organizing an equalization charge at 20 % power level

Critical threshold is 16 % (= Charging over the national grid)

- Protection from destruction, but very expensive

NEXT STEP OF AUTOMATION

Battery Charger/Grid Inverter

National grid

Meter


Meter

Company grid

National grid

Meter

Smart Meter

Self learning mechanism on field level (2)

2. Self learning mechanism: History of the power level is stored in a grid inverter The time series is evaluated once a month

- How often has the critical threshold been reached?- How were the weather related forecasts these days?

- Expected power generation in kilowatt hours (only one value per day: e.g. 2.5)

- Check correlation between the two values- Calculate a suggestion

- If the following number (expected value is <2 kWh and an external charge was taken) is more frequent than twice a month then increase charge indicator by 2%


Meter

Company grid

National grid

Meter

Smart Meter


Self learning mechanism on field level (3)3. Authorization: Semi-autonomous: Approval by authorized person in the application Autonomous: Send order to “change config” to all grid inverter Time series and log files are stored in an application Premise: On primary device with higher capability takes over calculations and

stores data short term (e.g. Raspberry class)



Meter

Company grid

National grid

Meter

Smart Meter



INNOGY SE

Benefits of an integrated web of thingsThe use of primary devices is beneficial for WoT.

Primary devices: • take over use case specific tasks (e.g. Smart meter)• can also take over indirect tasks, e.g. tasks in network communication

Secondary devices: • have no use-case specific tasks (e.g. gateways)• provide support tasks in network communication

Integrated WoT means integration of: central and

decentralized IoT approaches Cloud- and

Edge based solutions


INNOGY SE

Benefits of an integrated web of things

Benefits of integrated WoT

• Use of primary devices leads to a cost reduction

• Lower costs increase the likelihood of implementation of IoT projects

• Intelligent edge solutions offer more up-to-date data with higher quality of information

• This improves the analysis in Big Data application and the following decisions

• W3C recommandations matching requirements of practical use cases and implementation

• Maximum extension of WoT in IoT use cases


Increasing total integration and value of all components of a network

OPTIONS OF DEVICE COMMUNICATION

Devices as a data supplier, only bottom-up, gateway with central controller(secondary devices)

Devices as a data supplier, only bottom-up, primary device (Heating) includes virtual proxy

Network of autonomousdevices without central control, Interaction between devicesand Web application

Network of autonomousDevices without central control,Self learning mechanism onfield level (auton., semi-auton.)

Network of autonomousDevices without central control,Complex self learning mechanism,interaction devices with web appl.


OptionsDevice to device communication Pros / Cons

Physical Gateway

Virtual Proxy

1. Light WoT stack2. Full WoT stack

Small WoT stack 1

1 2

Alternatives for WoT

Tried and tested+- Cost of the hardware

Cost of implementation and testHacker attack, access to all connectionsLack of scalability(Small) time delay

Tried and testedCost of implementationHacker attack, access to all connectionsLack of scalabilitySignificantly higher device volumes reachableLow costGood scalabilityBasic standard implementation

+-

+

-

+


Significantly higher device volumes reachableLowest costBest scalabilityRun on constrainedTried and tested, ´cause it´s standardBasic standard implementation

Gateway

Light Stack: Limited services2 different stacks are part of support/maintenance

1 Small WoT stack: There is only on smart standard stack


Alternatives for WoTOPTIONS OF DEVICE COMMUNICATION

A power supply company offers its customers power storages in different versions.

High-priced, high performance

Middle-priced, good value for money

Low-priced, low performance

three supplier,three different Protocols on app-layer

A

B

C

Application,Energy cockpit

Chargingstation

Smartmeter

Gate-way Router

Expensive gateway Individual implementation Security risks Limited scalability

D2d, same appl layer Lower implementation effort Decentral control Hardware is cheaper Best scalability Higher resilience against hackers

(better security in devices)

Solution 1 Solution 2

three supplier,one abstractApp-layer

High-priced, high performance

Middle-priced, good value for money

Low-priced, low performance

Application,Energy cockpit

Chargingstation

Smartmeter


Findings from Silicon Valley companies and pioneers

„In each network, the benefit increases for all participants, when adding new participants.”

„The value of a telecommunications network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users of the system ”

(Metcalfe's law)

2 PCs can create one connection5 PCs already generate 10 possible pair connections

20 PC generate 190 possible connections in a network

“Reed's law is the assertion of David P. Reed that the utility of large networks, …, can scale exponentially with the size of the network.“

The reason for this is that the number of possible sub-groups of network participants is 2N − N − 1, where N is the number of participants.

5 PCs can generate 32 possible connections

Sources: WikipediaGrafic: Metcalfe´s law



Feedback „International VDI Congress on IoT“ 14.12.16 BerlinHow intelligent devices can enhance IoT„Autonomous networks of devices can be a valueable part of digitizing work processes“ (Multinational corporation Power, Oil, Aviation etc.)

„Open the edge and manage the edge in a smart way is a logical next step to combineanalytics with smart devices“ (Big Data provider, UK)

„We need both approaches in parallel. Central architecture with gateways and decentral networks of devices with different capabilities. What we do not need are components of a network that cost only money without value” (Leading company Control and Automation, Germany)

“Direct communication between devices offers us the opportunity for new solutions and projects. Lower costs mean we have the opportunity to create an attractive business case. Once this is achieved, our customers accept new technical features.” (Start up IoT, France)

„Intelligence comes top down. D2D is needed. It´s important to manage the transition phase during the next 5 to 10 years. That means, working with existing gateways and include direct D2D interactions to substitute gateways step by step“ (Leading device manufacturer Building Automation, Europe)

www.vdi-wissensforum.de



Feedback „IoT Tech Expo“ 23.01.17 London„We can create new use cases and new business opportunities with autonomous networks of devices. But we need to make cheaper offers.“ (Architecture office building automation)

“Failure safety and protection against cyber attacks are much better for distributed networks and independent devices.” (Company Control and Automation, Europe)

„Peer-to-Peer and direct communication between devices is very interesting, their is a need of manufacturer-independent protocol. Independent from manufacturer and device.“ (No. 3 vendor of commerical building automation, Germany)

„Inter-device communication is very useful“ (Unknown participant)

„Device-to-device can deliver new benefits to customers“ (Vendor Industry 4.0, Germany)

„Complex requirements in practice often require a combination of different IoT approaches. “ (IoT platform provider, France)


(1)

(2)

Comments:• Servient 1: Light WoT Stack (Constrained device)• Servient 2: Full WoT Stack (Device with high capabilities)• Direct interaction between Things• Interaction with web applications using URIExample: „The temperature sensor send data to the air-conditioner. The air-conditioner send a new threshold to the temperature sensor („xo“). Only if x >= 20 send data to the air-conditioner.

WoT Servient 2

Non-WoT

WoT Servient 1

WoT Servient 1

Comments:Thing 1 „Non-WoT“Servient 1: WoT Full StackGateway: Provides Protocol library to Servient 1

Example: 1: Thing 1 (T) send data to WoT Servient (S).2: S dont understand that language and asked the gateway to send T´s library. 3.: S includes this library and can interacte with T.4.: After this, option (1a) – see above – is running.

(a)

(b)

Thing to thing interaction without gateway

Comments:Servient 1: Small WoT StackServient 2: Small WoT StackDirect interaction between ThingsInteraction with web applications using URI

Example: „The light sensor send data to the blind and a customer app.

WoT Servient 2 WoT Servient 1

Thing to thing interaction with gateway

GW

1

23

4

Suggestion: Adding these options to the WoT architectureOPTIONS OF DEVICE COMMUNICATION

Technology

02/2017 Santa Clara, California: Networks of autonomous devices and their impact on WoT