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03/05/2023
Farmer Adaptation of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Methods in the Lower
Mekong Basin Region
Dr. Abha MishraCo-Director, ACISAI Center, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand,
Team Leader, SRI-LMB
SRI-Rice, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 12 October 2015
SRI @ AIT
SRI at AIT
Why SRI at AIT Global interest Major attraction at farmers‘field; Asia: largest producer of rice; Asia: largest consumer of agricultural water; Asia: 50-70% farmers are engaged in rice farming; Asia: Food security is linked to rice production; SRI: Provides larger ambit to address the multiple issues associated with sustainable agricultural development in the context of climate change
03/05/2023
Out of 65 millions inhabitants, 60 millions reside in LMB
Agriculture, fishing and forestry employs 90%
Rice cultivation in 10 million hectare out of which 6 million hectare is rainfed
wide spread poverty in the region, mostly smallholder farmers who are engaged in rice farming in rainfed area are poor
Costly farming techniques are not applied with the given level of uncertainty
Rice contributes 75% towards people per capita calorific supply
Food insecurity Productivity of rice is low
Why LMB region
03/05/2023
Characteristics of the rainfed areas
Household characteristics Av. Landholding is 1-2 ha Average age of farmers is 50+ More than 70% are women Grow only one crop of rice in wet season with very
limited diversification Subsistence type rice farming in Cambodia and Laos
where as in Thailand rice is grown for export and now also in Vietnam
Average rice yield is 2-3 t/ha Increasing households loans Increasing out-migration of farmers Food insecurity
03/05/2023
WBI workshop and genesis of the SRI-LMB
Goal
• Development of adaptive measures to protect against climate change so as to address the food security and livelihood issues of rainfed smallholders farmers in lower Mekong river basin (LMB) countries
Action
• Develop local, national and regional platform for joint initiative and coordinated actions
• Increase crop yield, productivity and profitability on sustainable basis at smallholders farmers’ field in rainfed areas of LMB region. Partners stimulate and support local innovation through farmers participatory action research
http://www.ait.ac.th/research/workshop-reports/AIT-WBI-Workshop-Report.pdf/view#.VWafG820jjA
03/05/2023
Drag picture to placeholder or click icon to add
SRI ‘Menu’ for change
Capturing farmers imagination by enabling them to get higher yield with reduced external inputs, and fuelling their
capacity for innovation
Offers low cost solution
Doesn’t require external inputs
Practices are amenable to farmers experimentation
Follows agro ecological principles
Transplanting younger and fewer seedlings/hill
maintaining wider spacing
Avoiding continuous soil saturation
Applying compost as much as possible
03/05/2023
SRI-LMB @ACISAI Center, AIT
Regional innovation platform for linking local to global actors and institutions to
meet the goals of food security and environmental sustainability through generating and providing innovative
solutions under the overall concept of sustainable agriculture intensification.
AIT Research Strategy (2012-2016)
03/05/2023
Sustaining and Enhancing the Momentum for Innovation around the System of Rice
Intensification in Lower Mekong River Basin (SRI-LMB)
http://www.sri-lmb.ait.asia/
Royal University of Agriculture
National University of Laos Hanoi University of AgricultureRajabhat University
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SRI-LMBworking in 30 districts of 10
food insecure provinces
Increase productivity
Reduce input cost Make rice
cultivation profitable
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Implementation structure and methodology
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SRI-LMBWorking in collaboration
Farmers
Researcher
Trainers
Local consortia
Ministry
Farmers group
Regional consortium
03/05/2023
PMU CAMBODIA Implementing
consortia include NGO, GO, academics
PMU LAOS Implementing
consortia include NGO, GO, academics
PMU THAILAND
Implementing consortia include
NGO GO, academics
PMU VIETNAM Implementing
consortia include NGO, GO academics
P1
D1
D2
D3
D1
D2
D3
D1
D2
D3
D1
D2
D3
D1
D2
D3
D1
D2
D3
D1
D2
D3
D1
D2
D3
D1
D2
D3
D1
D2
D3
Provinces
Districts
Oxfam policy dialogue
FAO Action research
implementation at national level
(Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam)
P2
P3 P1 P
3P2
P1
P2
P1
P2
UQAdvisory support
on FFS based action research
SRI-RiceAdvisory
support on SRI
Loca
l co
nsor
tia
Nat
iona
l co
nsor
tia*
Reg
iona
l co
nsor
tia*
03/05/2023
4th post FFS site (2 FT)
3rd post FFS site (2 FT)
2nd post FFS site (2 FT)
1st post FFS site (2 FT)
4th post FFS site (2 FT)
3rd post FFS site (2 FT)
2nd post FFS site (2 FT)
1st post FFS site (2 FT)
4th post FFS site (2 FT)
3rd post FFS site (2 FT)
2nd post FFS site (2 FT)
1st post FFS site (2 FT)
FPAR sites
FPAR sites
FPAR sites
FPAR structure at the local level
Each province has three districts and each district has 4 FPAR sites
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Farmers participatory action research
findings ( year 2014)
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More than 120 sets of experiments @ 62 FPAR
sites in 2014
Cambodia & Thailand In five provinces- 13 districts were rainfed and
2 were irrigated - Broadly two options were
explored using experiments: SRI demonstration (SRI-D) as a ‘test site’ and (2) Integration of SRI practices with existing cultivation practices as learning plot for location specific adaptation (SRI-T)
- And compared with existing conventional management practices (CP) in target area set up as a farmers’ practice.
15 districts, 3 in each province
03/05/2023
Implementation through FFS approach
Season long training & structured
learning sessions at different growth
stages
SRI seedbed Wetbed
03/05/2023
Farmers applied different sets of practices
Crop management
practices
Conventional practices (CP)
SRI-T(SRI-I & SRI-LAP)
SRI-D
Seedling age 40-60 day-old (established by
baseline)
39-20 day-old 8-19 day-old*(8-15 day-old for Cambodia and Thailand)
Seed rate 100-150 kg/ha 20-30% less than CM 5-20 kg/ha
Transplanting spacing
Crowded, 10 x 10 cm 10 x 15 to 19 x 19 cm 20 x 20 – 30 x 30 cm or more
Planting/hill >5-6 4-5 seedlings/hill 1-3 seedlings/hill
Soil condition Flooded (or no effort in maintaining aerobic
soil condition
Relatively aerobic soil condition with respect to CM either through shallow water level or through intermittent
drying
Maintaining aerobic soil condition at
least for a week during tillering
stage
03/05/2023
Experimental method for field testing and data
handlingDesign and data handling
at field• Three treatments and 4
replications (minimum) for each experiment
• Data collection and analysis (average) by farmers at three growth stages (Tillering, flowering, and harvesting)
• Data recorded by farmers using farmers diary
• Data were compiled by district trainer and subsequently by provincial coordinator
• Data collection process was backstopped by researcher
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Data handling at national and regional level
• System Architecture
INTERNETInput Data
Download Output File
Save data into DB
Query Data
03/05/2023
03/05/2023
AnalysisQuantitative analysis• ANOVA (significant difference)• Meta analysis (regional trend)• Cluster analysis (adoption response)
Qualitative analysis• Group discussion (at local, national, and regional
level)• Farmers’ response• Feedback from ministries, national & regional
stakeholders
03/05/2023
FPAR results from more than 120 sets of
experiments involving 3200 farmers
03/05/2023
Higher productivity and fertilizer use efficiency in SRI
kg g
rain
/kg
inor
gani
c fe
rtili
zer
appl
ied
Yield Fertilizer use efficiency
Ton/
ha
With reference to CP 100% and 60% yield increment in SRI-D and SRI-T
respectively with reference to CP 46.27% and 36.22% increment in fertilizer use
efficiency
03/05/2023
Meta trend
SRI-I and SRI-LAP and SRI-D indicated significantly higher yield benefit with respect to conventional practices
03/05/2023
Meta trend in rainfed areas
Positive and significant large effect size confirmed the benefit of applying SRI practices even in rainfed environment.
03/05/2023
Higher productivity with less input use
Cambodia Thailand• Seed = 40% seed cost
saving • Water = no difference • Pesticide = 1/3rd cost
saving
• Seed = 93.27%• Water = 2-3
irrigation saving (only for irrigated dist. (Tron and Pichai)
• Pesticide+ fungicide = 208 US$/ha (77% less compared to last season)
03/05/2023
Economic productivity
US
dolla
r ga
ined
/US$
spe
nt/h
a
With reference to CP 339.47% and 284.21% higher in SRI-D and SRI-T
respectively Cost of cultivation included cost of labour and water as
well.
Higher economic productivity with SRI
03/05/2023
1a (all inputs valued)
Cambodiarainfed
Thailand rainfed
Thailand irrigated
0.769±0.03 c
(0.05±0.01)
2.655±0.12 a
(0.4±0.01)
2.066±0.08 b
(0.05±0.01)
1b (labour inputs for transplanting, weeding and harvesting were excluded from Cambodia and cost of water from Cambodia and Surin province of Thailand
2.10±0.06 b
(0.66±0.04)
2.9±0.13 a
(0.54±0.01)
2.06±0.08 b
(0.05±0.01)
With producer price @ 0.3 and 0.43 US$/kg paddy for Cambodia and Thailand respectively* Baseline @0.3 US$/kg in both countries
Economic productivity gain was higher in rainfed
03/05/2023
2a (all inputs valued) Cambodiarainfed
Thailand rainfed
Thailand irrigated
0.769±0.03 c
(0.05±0.01)*
2.17±0.11 a
(0.4±0.01)*
1.79±0.08 b
(0.05±0.01)
2b (labour inputs for transplanting, weeding and harvesting were excluded from Cambodia and cost of water from Cambodia and Surin province of Thailand
2.08±0.06 b
(0.66±0.04)
2.4±0.12 a
(0.54±0.01)
1.79±0.08 b
(0.05±0.01)
Average paddy yield at FPAR sites
4.3±0.73 c 5.82±1.29 b 6.26±0.82 a
With domestic price @ 0.3 and 0.38 US$/kg paddy for Cambodia and Thailand respectively* Baseline @0.3 US$/kg in both countries
Economic productivity gain was higher in rainfed
03/05/2023
Adaptation response from farmers for SRI practices
Cluster Profile Plots
1
SOILCONDITIO
SEEDAGE
SEEDRAISE
SPACING
SEEDPERHILL
2
SOILCONDITIO
SEEDAGE
SEEDRAISE
SPACING
SEEDPERHILL
SRI practices F ratioSeedling/hill 7307.98
Spacing 412.39
Seedling raising method
398.12
Seedling age 80.23
Aerobic soil condition at least for a week at vegetative stage
0.358
159 cases 47 casesSeedling/hill and spacing have the highest impact in group formation than any other SRI principles
03/05/2023
Learning
03/05/2023
Factors affecting adoption Less input use, higher yield
and higher net return (+) Quality of grain (+) No lodging (+) Less pest and diseases (+)
Unreliable weather and water availability (-)
Market instability and price volatility (-)
No incentive for good work (-) Transplanting & labour use
(Thailand) (-)
03/05/2023
Factors that will speed up SRI adoption
• SRI with direct seeding with low seed rate (Thailand) • Support for critical irrigation • Better incentive and market stability • Green SRI from farm to fork
http://www.sri-lmb.ait.asia/country/doc/Regional%20Review%20and%20Planning%20Workshop-REPORT%20(02-03%20June%202015).pdf
Economic profitability
encourages farmers to
adopt new technique
03/05/2023
Conclusions and way forward
• Efforts to make SRI knowledge and practices available on a wider scale can raise productivity and incomes and in turn can address food insecurity of the broad population of smallholders without further deteriorating the environment.
• Economic productivity was higher in rainfed compared to the irrigated systems therefore only a small investment is needed to make the rainfed system more productive and resilient.
• Bringing poor smallholding farmers more directly into the process of economic growth can offer more hope at both micro and macro levels.
03/05/2023
Thank You!
Visit SRI-LMB at: http://www.sri-lmb.ait.asia/
SRI-LMB Online
CONTACT US
Asian Center of Innovation for Sustainable Agriculture Intensification (ACISAI)Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)Gnd. Floor, Admin BuildingPO Box: 4, Klong LuangPathumthani, Thailand 12120 Email : [email protected] Phone : +66-2-524-5823 Fax : +66-2-524-5828